Clean Sport for Masters Athlete

final

world anti doping association (WADA) prohibited list

may include substance and methods that satisfy any two of the following 3 criteria:

1. has potential to enhance or does enhance sport performance

2. represents an actual or potential health risk to athlete

3. violates spirit of sport (outlined in code)

substances/methods which mask effect or detection of prohibited substances are also prohibited

substance that has not been approved for human use is prohibited as well

WADA prohibited list

reviewed annually in consultation with scientific, medial, and anti-doping experts

ensures it reflects current med and scientific evidence and doping practices

comes into effect January 1st and published 3 months prior

exceptional circumstances allows anything to be added to list at anytime

masters athletes

aging typically = decrease in lean muscle mass

typically older than 35

train and involved in athletic competition for older adults

many are experienced athletes

age depends on sport

25 swimming

30 track and field

35 weight lifting

40 long distance running

50 senior game

international masters games association (IMGA)

founded in 1995

Recognized by IOC

Organizes:
• World Masters Games
• Winter World Masters Games
• European Masters Games
• Pan-American Masters Games
• Asia-Pacific Masters Games

masters athletes brackets

Masters-Level Athletics Participants compete in 5-year age brackets

35-39; 40-44; 45-49; 50-54; 55-59; etc

masters athlete challenge

many seniors on prescription meds:

• 5.7% of seniors prescribed 5 or more drug classes
• 26.5% of seniors prescribed 10 or more drug classes
• 8.4% of seniors prescribed 15 or more drug classes

most meds are not banned substances, but some have ingredients that are

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

Estrogen (help menopause)

Testosterone (help andropause)

human growth hormone (HGH)

controversial (harms vs benefits)

estrogen with menopause

Less estrogen

Menstrual cycle ceases

estrogen combats:

Vaginal dryness
• Night sweats
• Hot flashes
• Insomnia
• Difficulty concentrating

testosterone

Declines with age (serum testosterone)

Changes in:
• Lean muscle mass
• Muscle strength
• Physical function
• Exercise performanceh

human growth hormone

Exercise stimulates GH
• Response to that GH decreases over time
• Secreted by the pituitary
• Stimulates liver and other tissues to make IGF-1:
• Promotes bone growth
• Promotes muscle growth
• Reduces body fat (lipolytic)
• Detriments: cardiac instability, hypertension, insulin resistance

anabolic steriods

Derivatives of testosterone

Enhance athletic performance:
• Strength gains of 5-20%
• Increase lean body mass 2-5kg

Needed for asthma and rheumatologic conditions

serious side effects of anabolic steriods

Unhealthy cholesterol profile (increase overall, decrease HDL); Heart Attack (from BP and atherosclerosis); stroke; blood clots; liver failure; hepatic neoplasms; ligament/tendon injury; hairloss, acne
• Male specific: atrophy of the testes, decreased sperm production, erectile dysfunction, gynecomastia, prostate issues
• Female specific: inhibition of ovulation, irregular menstrual cycle, lower voice, facial hair, breast atrophy

Psychological side effects: aggression; confusion; disordered sleep; anxiety; paranoia; hallucinations

Athletes should be counselled on prevention

analgesics and anti inflammatories

Wanting to compete “Pain Free”; pain is very common after 50

Narcotic Analgesics (opioids)

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatories (NSAIDS)

narcotic analgesics (opioids)

Euphoria; false feeling of invincibility
• Increase pain threshold – may ignore early warning of injury (more damage)
• Physical and psychological dependence

Adverse effects: drowsiness, mental fog, nausea, vomiting,
dizziness, constipation, trouble with urination

High doses: respiratory depression, apnea, circulatory
depression, hypotension (low BP), muscle rigidity, coma, shock,
cardiac arrest.

non steroidal anti inflammatory (NSAIDs)

• Useful for mild to moderate pain and inflammation
• Commonly used for DJD and OA
• Available OTC
• Complications/toxicity: GI bleeding, dyspepsia, peptic ulcer disease, acute renal failure (due to renal vasoconstriction), worsening of hypertension, and congestive heart failure

NSAIDs and COX-2 Inhibitors

hypertension medications

Common in general population

Often not as big a problem for endurance athletes (exercise keeps BP down)

execise and sport participation in athletes with hypertension

recommendations on exercise restrictions

diuretics

Less desirable in distance athletes – dehydration
• Effective way to lower HBP
• Misuse – forces weightloss (used for making weightclass)
• Can lead to muscle cramps

angiotensin converting enzymes inhibitor (ACE)

High blood pressure medication
• No negative effect on training or competition
• Sanctioned by WADA

calcium channel blockers

Well tolerated for physically active patients
• Effective blood pressure medication
• Should not impact performance

beat blockers

Decreases BP
• Can inhibit Glycogenolysis (causing hypoglycemia post intense
exercise)
• Anti-tremor effects – banned in high accuracy sports
• Archery, shooting, diving, ice skating

eryhthropoietin

““Blood Doping”
• Increase oxygen carrying capacity
• Popular for endurance athletes
• Increased risk of MI or stroke

dietary supplementation and ergogenic aid

changing needs that occur with age

changing needs that occur with exercise

presence of chronic illness or disease

level of competition

consequently supplements may:

intentionally contain prohibited substances

unintentionally be contaminated with prohibited (eg. contaminated source ingredients erroneous source ingredients, cross contamination during manufacturing)

be mislabeled

in addition supplements may:

not accurately list the ingredients (eg. falsify, omit)

not accurately list relative amount of each ingredient per dose

make false certification claims (eg. WADA approved)

not list important cautionary info (health side effects)

alcohol

Inhibits Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) and is therefore a diuretic

Post exercise exacerbates fluid loss

May limit glycogen replenishment
• So fatigue and dehydration may occur during subsequent exercise bout

Increased blood pressure, and heart rate

cannabis

Under review

Little is known

Possibly pain relief?

On WADA prohibited list since 1984 (still there for THC)

CBD (non psychoactive) no longer prohibited since 2018

caffeine

Most frequently used drug in the world

CNS stimulation

Enhanced muscular force (strength and endurance), concentration, energy levels, less reported fatigue, enhanced alertness

No negative performance effects

Increased time to exhaustion

For doses exceeding 200mg

Removed from WADA Prohibited list in 2007

Can lead to insomnia, increase BP, HR

creatine

Taken to “bulk up” muscle mass

Increase strength and mass, explosive power

Decrease fatigue

Not banned, may impact renal health

energy metabolism

production of energy in body

glucosamine

to minimize degeneration

retain hyalin cartilage

summary

drug use and abuse is major problem facing sport today

taking performance enhancing drugs or doping has long history in sport

elderly athlete has certain elevated nutritional needs compared to younger athletes

estrogen in women may prevent osteoporosis, maintain physical vitality, treat postmenopausal symptoms, and reduce depression- certain HRT rugs are banned

high doses of testosterone, esp when combined with strength training, increase fat free mass, muscle size, and strength in men

performance enhancing drugs can have deleterious effect on prostate

anabolic steroids can cause an unhealthy cholesterol profile, heart attack, stroke, liver failure, and type 2 diabetes

HGH can cause hypertension, pedal edema, carpel tunnel syndrome, and prediabetic condition

older athletes do not respond to creatine supplementation to the same extent as young athletes