Exam 2 - HIST 1020 - Gaddis

Nationalism

The loyalty and devotion to the interests and culture of one's nation

Imperialism

The extension of a nation's power over other lands

Manifest Destiny

The belief that the United States was destined by God and had the right to to extend its boundaries from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

3 factors of European unification

1. Common language, powerful states

2. Strong, conservative leadership

3. Shared culture

Reasons for colonization of Africa

Economic gain

• African possessed natural resources (Ivory, Rubber, Other unknown goods)

• Long history of European exploitation (Slavery, Africa in the European imagination)

Desire for exploration

• Explorers and missionaries visit

- David Livingstone (1813-1873)

- Henry Morton Stanley (1841-1904)

- Dispatches and accounts of adventure

- New "discoveries"

• Undiscovered Africa filled need for expansion

Civilizing mission

• Desire to convert to Christianity

- Belief in Christian principles as foundation of civilization

- Belief other peoples uncivilized

• Approach (Missionaries, Work, Capitalism, Consumption)

Berlin Conference, 1884-1885

• Meeting of European imperial powers about Africa

- Aim to avoid conflicts over territory

• Results

- Sets out conditions for acquiring territories in Africa

- Made Congo and Niger rivers international

- Made Congo Basin neutral territory

•Recognized Belgian power in Congo

King Leopold II

King of the Belgians and founder/owner of the Congo Free State, a charitable enterprise that was run into a pure profit opprotunity.

Red Rubber system

• Labor laws made to maximize profit in the Congo

• Quotas of rubber, ivory for each village

- As scarcer, villagers went further and further afield

• Laws enforced by Force Publique--private army who took slaves, etc

• Punishments and impacts

- Taking women and children hostage to compel quotas

- Severing hands

- Hard work, hard travel exposed to diseases

• As many as 10 million (of pre-colonial 20 million population) killed

The culture of imperialism

• Europeans and Americans believed they created modern culture

- Social Darwinism

- Other peoples (particularly Africans) they believed to not be evolved

• Picturing imperialism

- Drawing on European imagination of Africa

- Portrayed as primitive, etc.

• Imperial imagery

- Everyday reminder of imperial conquest

• Just in cigarette brands alone: Royal Navy (pictures), Grand Fleet, Fighter, Admiral

• Need to grow the population

- To outstrip growth in colonized countries

- Ideal of manliness

--- British MP, 1905 "Empire cannot be built on rickety and flat-chested citizens"

--- Promoted through art, literature--boys reading about exotic locals, daring adventures

- Final imperial project: breed enough citizens to overspread the world

• Not restricted to Africa

- Orientalism (Viewing other regions as exotic, outside of modern world)

Social Darwinism

• The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals.

- It was used to justify political conservatism, imperialism, and racism and to discourage intervention and reform.

- Seen being applied to the imperial conquest of Africa

The 2nd industrial revolution

1. New technologies

2. New products

3. New processes

Fordism

• System of industrial manufacturing (20th century)

- From Henry Ford

• Tenets

- Standardization of product

- Use of assembly lines

- Workers paid living wages (in order to be able to buy products they make)

- Example: Ford Model T

Meiji Restoration

• 1868: reformers overtake government

- Emperor Mutsuhito

- Aim: restore country to past greatness (nationalist sentiment)

Self-strengthening movement

• Chinese economic reform

- Led by reformist bureaucrats

- Adopting Western technology and skills

- New economic ventures (shipyards, coal mines, steamship company, schools)

• Despite reforms, conservative elements resistant to changes (big ideas but little actual change)

The Columbian Exposition

• 1893 Chicago World's Fair (honor Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492)

• "White City Display"

- Vision of the perfect city

- Gleaming, white, modern

- Mixture of old forms, new technology

City Beautiful movement

• Sparked by The Columbian Exposition

- Ideal of the city

- Parks, beautiful buildings

- City as inspirational

- Instilling civic pride, virtue

The Boxer Uprising

• Post Sino-Japanese war outside powers assert influence

- Specific spheres of influence for Britain, France, Germany , Russia, America

• Begin with peasantry

- Like Taiping Rebellion

- Rebuke of missionary influence

- Support of Qing dynasty

- Martial arts groups (Boxers) calling for end of Western/Christian privileges

- Belief in invulnerability to weapons--spiritual armor

• Flourishes in poor areas

- Hard hit by drought of 1898

• Young men--fighters. Clad in red

- Women (Red Lanterns)

• Worked to counteract fear of western female influence

• 1900: Qing troops clash with Boxers

- Qing reverse course, side with Boxers use anti-Western sentiment of Boxers to maintain power

- Western powers intervene, stop uprising

- Demand huge war costs

• Impact: strong anti-Western current, loyalty to Qing

The "Woman Question"

How to make women equal citizens?

• History

- Olympe de Gouges

- Justification for imperialism (poor treatment of women)

• Status, end of 19th century

- No country has equal opportunities for women

- Growing awareness of inequality

- Burdens of imperial/industrial economies

- Western countries: "separate spheres" breaking down

Modernism

• An artistic, scientific, intellectual, cultural movement

• Breaking ties with old traditions

- In recognition of changing world

- Questioning all old ideas and beliefs

• Looking to "primitive" ideas for inspiration and wisdom

• Ex. artistic modernism

- Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon(1907)

- Inspired by African masks exhibited in Paris

- How is perspective different? Subject? Composition?

• Scientific modernism

- Toward probability rather than certainty

- Undermining Enlightenment claims to total knowledge

--- Paradoxically, belief that all things can be discovered, classified

• Some key figures

- Albert Einstein (rethinking physics)

- Gustave Le Bon (crowd theory--explaining popular movements)

- Sigmund Freud

• Probing the subconscious

• Humans propelled by sexual longings, childhood traumas, etc.

Central Powers

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

Allied Powers

Britain, France, and Russia (and later Italy)

Total War

• All aspects of society and economy must contribute to war

- Industrial output

- Conscription

- Technological innovation

• Emerges in WWI Germany

The Russian Revolution

The fall of the Romanovs

• Wartime scarcity worsened economic and social problems

- Food shortages

- Poor wages and hours

- Almost 5 million soldiers killed, captured, missing

• Early 1917 riots in St. Petersburg

- No full army to stop them

- Rioters took over

- Nicholas II abdicates

• Provisional government formed

- Made up of unelected officials and soviets (workers councils)

The rise of the Bolsheviks

• Provisional government continued hated war

• October: Bolsheviks emerged

• Bolsheviks in power

- Hold election (40 million vote)

Bolsheviks

• Emerged in October

- Left wing socialists

- Led by Trotsky, Lenin

- Promised to end war, uphold peasant land seizures

- Claimed power in name of the soviets (ended "bourgeois revolution")

• Hold largest election in history with a record 40 million votes

14 Points

• President Woodrow Wilson's plan to end WWI, for organizing post WWI Europe, and for avoiding future wars

• Statement of principles for peace used at the Versailles conference of 1919 to propose treaties

• Big Points:

- Self-determination of nations

- League of Nations

Mass culture

• Emerges out of war mobilization efforts

- Propaganda--lectures, newspapers, music, theater

- Broader audience for cultural production

• Tenets of postwar mass culture

- Departs from elite culture

--- Depends on working class taste

- Relies on new technologies

--- Film and radio

The Great Depression

• Postwar economy

- Sinking prices for industrial goods

- European debt to American creditors

• Panic: October 1929, American creditors call in loans

- Financial institution failures result

--- Starting in Europe and spreading

• Countries wanted to protect economy, established tariffs

- Other countries responded in kind

- Virtually stopped international trade

- Forced companies into shutting down, sometimes permanently

--- Workers laid off by the millions

New Deal

• Under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt

• Expands scope and intervention of government

• Work and direct aid programs

• Radical seeming solutions in service of saving capitalism

Authoritarian regimes

• Rejection of parliamentary rule

• Rule by military force and violence

- Violence and terror in remaking sociopolitical order

• Dominated by leader's cult of personality

• Mass organizations for state purpose

- Single, official mass political parties

- Hitler Youth, Soviet Communist Youth League, Italian youth squads

Anticolonialsim

• Dominant new mode of resistance

• Generally marked by nationalism

- Differing forms

- Trying to overcome contradictions of European democratic liberalism

Mohandas K. Gandhi

• Born 1869, coastal province Kathiawar

- Amid increasing British control of India

• Goes to England to study law as young man

• Spends bulk of his career (21 years) in S. Africa

- Working on civil rights issues for Indian immigrants

Nonviolent resistance

• Individual resistance as part of collective

• Self-discipline and non-participation in colonial economy and governance

- Boycott of British goods

- Refuse to send children to British schools

- Refuse to pay taxes

May 4th movement

• 1919: students in May 4th movement protested granting of Japanese control over German concessions in Treaty of Versailles

- Spreads to workers and merchants

- Boycotts of Japanese goods

- Growing coalition of workers, students, others

- Start of alliance (under Sun Yat-sen) with Soviets

Chiang Kai-shek

• 1926 Chiang Kai-shek seizes control of Guomindang

- After Sun Yat-sen's death

- Military campaign to unify country

- New capital in Nanjing

• New government (Nationalist)

- Broke with Soviets and Chinese Communists

- Based on diverse principles

--- Fascist military governance

--- Confucian principles

--- Social Darwinism

--- Instill discipline, moral purpose for a unified citizenry

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

• Led secular re-ordering of Turkish state

- Became authoritarian republic

- Western calendar, civil code, clothes, script, etc

• Name conferred by assembly--"father of the Turks"