Unit 2 AP Biology

subcellular

existing or occurring within a cell

organelle

membrane bound structure that performs important cellular functions within a eukaryotic cell

prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system covered with ribosomes where proteins travel intracellularly

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

An endomembrane system where lipids are synthesized, calcium levels are regulated, and toxic substances are broken down.

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA which contains the information for making proteins.

Nucleoid Region

The region in a prokaryotic cell consisting of a concentrated mass of main DNA.

Plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome

Circular DNA

shape of the DNA of prokaryotes

Linear DNA

shape of the DNA of eukaryotes

Free Ribosome

found in cytoplasm and makes proteins that stay inside of the cell

Bound/Attached Ribosome

found attached to the ER and makes proteins that are destined for the cell membrane or to be secreted outside of the cell.

Nucleolus

Dense part of DNA that makes the parts of ribosomes

MItochondria

organelle where cellular respiration takes place

Chloroplast

An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs

Lysosome

An organelle containing hydrolytic enzymes that are involved with breaking down old organelles, foreign invaders and associated with apoptosis.

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

ATP Synthase

enzyme that make ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate used in processes such as cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Fold on Surface

increase surface area and therefore increase the amount of chemical reactions occurring on the surface.

Vacuole

Type of vesicle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates

Vesicle

Small membrane-bound sac that functions in moving products into, out of, and within a cell.

Hydrolytic Enzymes

enzymes that speed up/aid in the breakdown of chemical bonds through the addition of water (hydrolysis) found in lysosomes

Apoptosis

programmed cell death

Thylakoid

A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy into chemical energy.

Stroma

fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids

Grana

the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of a chloroplast.

Light Dependent Reaction Location

occurs in the thylakoid

Carbon Fixation Location

occurs in the stroma

Kreb Cycle Location

occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

inner mitochondrial membrane

folded membrane inside of the mitochondria

Matrix of Mitochondria

innermost compartment of mitochondria

Electron Transport Chain Location

proteins that are embedded in inner mitochondrial matrix

Chemiosmosis Location

ATP Synthase protein embedded in inner mitochondiral matrix

Compartmentalization

Membrane-bound organelles allow different parts of the cell to perform different functions at the same time

Endosymbiosis

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other.

Symbiosis

A close relationship between two species

Mutualism

A relationship between two species in which both species benefit

Commensalism

A relationship between two organisms in which one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed

endosymbiotic theory

theory that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiosis among several different prokaryotic organisms

Cis Golgi

vesicle receiving side of the golgi near the ER

Trans Golgi

vesicle shipping side of the golgi near the cell membrane

Phospholipid

a lipid that has a hydrophilic head and two fatty acid tails that are hydrophobic

phosolipid bilayer

two layers of phospholipids that are arranged tail to tail to create the cell membrane

nonpolar

hydrophobic

polar

hydrophilic

Fluid Mosaic

A description of membrane structure, depicting a cellular membrane as a mosaic of diverse protein molecules embedded in a fluid bilayer made of phospholipid molecules.

Glycoprotein

A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it.

Glycolipid

a lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates

Cholesterol

A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes to help maintain fluidity

Selective Permeability

A property of a plasma membrane that allows some substances to cross more easily than others.

Small non polar molecules

types of molecules such as O2, N2, CO2, steroid hormones that pass readily through cell membranes

Large polar molecules

types of molecules such as Glucose, ions, amino acids that cannot pass through membrane require proteins embedded within the membrane to enter cell

Small Polar Uncharged molecules

types of molecules such as H2O, Alcohol, Glycerol can go through the membrane at a slower rate ( so in smaller amounts) and also sometimes enter through proteins

Cellulose

polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls

Cytoplasm

found inside of the cell made mostly of water and dissolved salts and sugars

cytoskeleton

A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement

motor proteins

A protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts within the cell.

microtubules

A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella.

Microfilaments (actin)

changes the cell shape; contraction; movement of cell and makes the contractile ring during cell division

intermediate filaments

anchors nucleus and organelles, lines nucleus, cell shape