Lab Final

What does the trachea slide look like?

What does the human lung slide look like?

What does the smokers lung slide look like?

What structure makes an Adams apple and why are men more likely to have one?

Adams apple is thyroid cartilage and the laryngeal prominence. During puberty, testosterone makes males vocal cords grow thicker and longer. Cartilage grows and tilts slightly forward. Testosterone stimulates growth.

What role does the arytenoid cartilages have in sound production?

They help move the vocal folds, allowing tension, relaxation, or approximation of these. This is because the vocal move along with them

What is the purpose of the “C” shape to the cartilage? Why not go all the way around?

They support the trachea but also allow it to move and flex when breathing. Also allows for flexibility and keeping it from collapsing.

What is inside alveolar sacs?

Air

What does the human kidney slide look like?

What are peristaltic contractions?

A series of normal coordinated, rhythmic muscle contractions, that occurs automatically to move food through the digestive tract.

What is the anatomy and physiology behind being able to hold pee?

The bladder expands as it fills up and only when the nerves in the bladder wall detect expansion, are signals sent to the brain indicating the bladder is full.

\
Internal sphincter → smooth/involuntary

External sphincter → skeletal/controlled + voluntary

Nephron filtrate ultimately comes from the?

Blood

Where are the kidneys located in the body?

Just below the ribcage, one on each side of the spine. They are retroperitoneal.

What is the pathway of fluid from the point of glomerular filtrate formation to leaving the body as urine?

* Glomerular capsule
* proximal convoluted tubule
* nephron loop
* distal convoluted tubule
* collecting duct
* papillary duct
* minor calyx
* major calyx
* renal pelvis
* ureter
* urinary bladder
* urethra

What does the human stomach (stomach fundus) slide look like?

What does the small intestine slide look like?

What does the large intestine (human colon) slide look like?

How many teeth are there?

20 Decidious (baby teeth) and 32 adult teeth

What are the two types of digestion?

Mechanical:  involves physically breaking down food substances into smaller particles to more efficiently undergo chemical digestion

Chemical: further degrade the molecular structure of the ingested compounds by digestive enzymes into a form that is absorbable into the bloodstream

What is the path of food through the digestive tract from oral cavity to anus?

mouth → pharynx → esophagus → stomach (chime) → small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) → large intestine ( cecum - appendix & colon - ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)

What are the 4 terms for food along digestive tract?

Food/drink → bolus → chime → feces/stool

What is the flow of bile from the liver to the small intestine?

common hepatic duct → cystic duct → common bile duct, hepatopancreatic sphincter → duodenum

What is the role of bile?

Bile helps with digestion. It breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can be taken into the body by the digestive tract.

What is the contribution of the pancreas in digestion?

Pancreas makes juices called enzymes which break down sugar, fats, starches, and makes hormones.

\
Pancreas produces amylase, lipase, RNA, and DNA

What plays the biggest role in chemical digestion?

Small intestine

What are the most abundant cells in the large intestine?

Goblet cells (intestinal mucosal epithelial cells that serve as the primary site for nutrient digestion and mucosal absorption)

What does an ovary with maturing follicle slide look like?

What does a menstrual uterus slide look like?

What is the collective term for all external genitalia?

vulva

What does fertilization take place?

Fallopian tubes

What is the name for the inner layer of the uterus?

endometrium

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle?

Menstrual phase (1-5): discharge of menstrual fluid from the vagina (menses)

Proliferative phase (6-14): the layer of endometrial tissue lost in menstruation rebuilt

Secretory phase (15-26): endometrium thickens, still more in response to progesterone from corpus luteum

Premenstrual phase (27-28): the period of endometrial degeneration

In between which two phases does ovulation occur in the mestrual cycle?

Between proliferative and secretory

What is the pathway of sperm from where it is synthesized through the male body and out the penis?

Rete testis → efferent ductules → duct of the epididymis → ductus vas deferens to the terminal ampulla → ejaculatory duct → urethra

What are the three components of semen?

Seminal vesicles - 60%

Prostate gland - 30%

Bulbourethral (Cowper) glands - 10%

What is cut in a vasectomy?

Vas Deferens

What is the secondary oocyte?

The egg

Anatomically, how can an egg get lost following ovulation?

It can remain trapped in follicles or get lost in the peritoneal cavity (if it falls into cavity, they would likely die)