internalizing disorders - childhood disorders - psychopathology

not finished, use ivy's

depression - children/adolescents vs adults

same comorbidity with anxiety, same recurrent nature of illness

same symptoms of depressed mood, anhedonia, fatigue, concentration problems, suicidal ideation

—> but children show more guilt and less early-morning depression/appetite loss/weight loss

depression - prevalence in children (gender)

adolescent girls (15.9%) twice as much as boys (7.7%)

below age 12 - gender difference not present, 2-3% of children

depression - etiology

• gene-environment interactions, e.g. having a depressed parent (4x risk)

• adolescents with certain gene variant AND interpersonal life stressor were more likely

• cortisol, associated with smaller hippocampus volume

• attribution style (becomes stable by early adolescence)

depression - treatment

• combined antidepressants and CBT were most effective

• concerns about side effects for antidepressants in children (Suicidality!! but also increased with placebo, so maybe just medication increased suicidality)

• prevention: selective programs (for those at high risk) more effective than universal (large groups like schools)

anxiety - children vs adults

• DSM: also requires functioning to be impaired but children do not need to regard fear as excessive/unreasonable

separation anxiety disorder criteria

excessive anxiety that is not developmentally appropriate about being away from attachment figure

3+ symptoms for 4+ weeks (Adults: 6 months+ )

• repeated and excessive distress when separated

• excessive worry that something bad will happen to person

• refusal / reluctance to go to school/work/etc

• refusal / reluctance to sleep away from home

• nightmares about separation

• repeated physical complaints when separated

anxiety - etiology

• genetics - 29-50%