Animal Reproduction and Development

These flashcards summarize key concepts regarding animal reproduction and development from the lecture notes.

What are the two main types of reproduction in animals?

Asexual and sexual reproduction.

What is the main advantage of sexual reproduction?

It results in genetically diverse offspring.

What is the process by which sperm are produced in males called?

Spermatogenesis.

What are the names of the hormones primarily involved in mammalian reproduction?

Testosterone in males and estradiol in females.

Why do Daphnia switch from asexual to sexual reproduction?

To increase genetic variability under worsening environmental conditions.

In which part of the female reproductive system does fertilization typically occur?

In the oviduct (fallopian tube).

What is the role of the placenta in mammalian pregnancy?

It exchanges nutrients and wastes between the mother and embryo.

What triggers ovulation in human females?

An LH surge caused by high levels of estradiol.

What is the menstrual cycle and how long does it typically last?

It is a monthly reproductive cycle that lasts about 28 days.

What are the three germ layers formed during gastrulation?

Ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.

What occurs during cleavage in early embryonic development?

Rapid cell division without increasing the overall size of the embryo.

What is one difference between oviparous and viviparous species?

Oviparous species lay eggs; viviparous species give birth to live young.

What is parthenogenesis?

A form of asexual reproduction where females produce offspring without fertilization by males.

What does the acrosome in sperm do?

It contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg's protective layers.

How does progesterone affect the menstrual cycle?

It inhibits the release of gonadotropins, maintaining the thickened uterine lining.

Why might some females experience delayed onset of puberty?

Factors such as low body fat or intensive exercise can influence hormonal changes.