Lab 7 - BIO 320

Spirometry

common pulmonary function test used to measure how well your lungs work—specifically how much air you can inhale/exhale and how quickly you can do it

Primary function of the respiratory system

To release carbon dioxide from the body and to acquire oxygen for use by the body

4 steps of respiration

Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, and internal respiration

Pulmonary ventilation

Movement of air into (inspiration) and out of (expiration) the lungs so that the gases in the lung are constantly refreshed with infusions of new air and effusions of old air

External respiration

Carbon dioxide fuses to the lungs from the blood, and oxygen diffuses to the blood from the lungs

Transport of respiratory gases

Accomplished using the blood of the cardiovascular system. Carbon dioxide is transported from the cells of body tissues to the lungs, and oxygen is transported from lungs to the cells of body tissues

Internal respiration

Occurs as oxygen diffuses from blood to the cells of the body, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells of the body to the blood (more a function of blood/cardiovascular system)

Carbon dioxide is produced and oxygen is used by cells for?

Energy production during cellular respiration (in oxidative reactions)

Upper respiratory system consists of?

The structures of the nose to the larynx

Lower respiratory system consists of?

Larynx and the structures inferior to it

Nose

Warms and moistens entering air, provides a resonating chamber for vocalizations, cleans and filters entering air, and houses the olfactory receptors

The differences in nasal cartilages accounts for?

Differences in nose shapes people have

The bones that form parts of the nose are pretty consistent in regards to?

The external appearance they facilitate

A small portion of the superior nasal cavity is lined with?

Olfactory mucosa epithelium containing the receptors for smell

Besides being lined with olfactory mucosa epithelium, the nasal cavity is also lined with?

Respiratory mucosa composed of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and seromucous nasal glands

Seromucous nasal glands are composed of cells that?

Secrete mucus (traps bacteria, dust, and debris) and cells that secrete a watery (to humidify incoming air), enzyme rich(contains lysozyme which is antibacterial) fluid

Respiratory mucosa epithelial cells secrete?

Antibiotic defensins to assist in killing microbial invaders

The cilia of the nasal cavity sweep?

The contaminated mucus toward the throat to be swallowed and digested

Cold air slows the what and results in?

Slows the cilia in the nasal cavity thus allows some of the mucus to dribble out the nostrils

Sneeze reflex

Triggered when irritants (dust, pollen, etc) contain rich supply of sensory nerve endings in the nasal cavity

A sneeze forces the irritants?

Out which protects the body from them

Many thin walled veins and plexuses of capillaries lie just beneath?

The nasal epithelium and warm air as it is inspired

Cold inspired air reflexively stimulates?

These plexuses to engorge with blood allowing for greater heat transfer

The superficial location of the nasal vessels does what?

Expose them and make them easy to damage leading to nose bleeds

Nasal conchae

Increase surface area and help create turbulence which deflects non-gaseous particles onto the mucus coatings

Inspired air is warmed, and in the process, which cools the conchae and causes?

Moisture to precipitate out and heat to be exchanged into the conchae to warm them

Heat and moisture gradient in the nose is?

Constantly flipping each time we breathe out. and then when we breathe in, and so forth

Paranasal sinuses are located in?

The frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, and ethmoid bones

Paranasal sinuses lighten the skull but are prone to?

Inflammation, especially due to infection or allergies

When the paranasal sinuses are inflamed (sinusitis), what is produced?

Additional mucous (and inflammatory products) are produced and can block the openings between the sinuses and the nasal cavity

When the sinuses are inflamed, the air in the sinus is?

Absorbed and a partial vacuum is created which causes the pain associated with a sinus headache

Inflammation of the nasal mucosa causes?

Such as due to viral or bacterial infection, or allergic reactions, causes excessive mucus production leading to congestion and postnasal drip

When swallowing food…

The muscular soft palate and uvula move superiorly to block off the nasopharynx, and the epiglottis flaps over the larynx, to keep food out of the nasal caivty and lungs

In the nasopharynx, cilia?

Propel mucus toward the stomach

Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid) of the nasopharynx contains?

Lymphatic tissue that traps and destroys pathogens

When the pharyngeal tonsils are swollen they can?

Block air passage and force the patient to breath through the mouth which greatly decreases the warming, filtering, and humidifying effect on the air compared to air brought in through the nose

Pharyngotympanic tubes connect the?

Middle ear to the nasopharynx so that air in the middle ear can match pressure with atmospheric air which, is important for sound conduction and proper hearing

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx receive?

Both food and air and thus have a more protective stratified squamous epithelium

Respiratory system has which 2 zones?

Respiratory zone and conducting zone

Respiratory zone

Site of external respiration (where gas is exchanged)

Respiratory zone is made up of?

microscopic alveoli (main site of exchange), alveolar ducts, and respiratory bronchioles

Conducting zone consists of?

All the tubes transporting air from the nose to the respiratory bronchioles

During passage through the conducting zone, air is?

Humidified, warmed, and filtered/cleansed

The larynx houses the what?

Vocal folds/vocal cords for voice production

Laryngeal prominence of the thyroid cartilage can be seen as?

External to the body as the Adam’s apple and is more prominent in males

Why is Adam’s apple more prominent in males rather than females?

The thyroid cartilage is stimulated by androgens during male puberty to grow larger

Estrogens stimulate?

Fat deposition in the necks of females that obscure their smaller laryngeal prominence

Arytenoid cartilages anchor?

Vocal folds

When we are conscious, anything other than air entering the larynx will generate a?

Cough reflex to expel it

Liquids should never be given?

Orally to a patient who is unconscious

Glottis

The vocal folds and the openings between them (air passes through and produces sound when the vocal folds are positioned strategically)

Below the vocal folds, into the larynx and trachea, the epithelium changes back to?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium but the cilia here sweep mucus toward the pharynx so that it can be swallowed

What parts of the body consist of the conducting zone?

Larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

What parts of the body consist of the respiratory zone?

Respiratory bronchioles & alveolar sacs

Which parts of the respiratory system have cilia?

Larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles

Which part of the respiratory system does not have cilia?

Alveolar sacs

Which parts of the respiratory system contain goblet cells?

Larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchi, and bronchioles

Trachea has what type of cartilage?

C shaped

Primary bronchi has what type of cartilage?

Rings

Secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, and smaller bronchi has what type of cartilage?

Plates

What parts of the respiratory system have smooth muscle?

Trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles (smallest amount to largest amount)

Diameter of larynx

35-45 mm

Diameter of trachea

20-25 mm

Diameter of primary bronchi

12-16 mm

Diameter of secondary bronchi

10-12 mm

Diameter of Tertiary bronchi

8-10 mm

Diameter of smaller bronchi

1-8 mm

Diameter of bronchioles

0.5-1 mm

Diameter of terminal bronchioles

<0.5 mm

Diameter of respiratory bronchioles

<0.5 mm

Diameter of alveolar sacs

0.3 mm

The glottis opens and closes during?

Intermittent expiration to produce speech