AP Psych Classical and operation conditioning

Behavioral perspective

1. Used a skinner box (operant conditioning chamber) to prove his concepts

2. B.F Skinner

3. Shaping is reinforcing small steps on the way to the desired behavior

Classical conditioning

1. Type of associative learning

2. Ivan Pavlovfood (triggered by sounds, lights, etc…4

3. Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate

4. Studied digestion of dogs 

5. Dogs would salivate before they were given 

6. This is passive learning 

7. First thing you need is an unconditional relationship

Associative learning

An organism learns that two events, stimuli, or a behavior and its consequence occur together (basis for behaviorism and classical conditioning).

Acquisition

1. We know learning exists because the Neutral/CS is linked to the UCS

2. Acquisition does not last forever

CC Parts (UCS, UCR, CS, CR)

1. Unconditional stimulus: something that elicits a natural, reflective response 

2. Unconditional response- response to the UCS

3. NS- neutral stimulus something that doesn’t elicit a response

4. Condition stimulus - same as neutral stimulus

5. Condition response - same us unconditional response but not 100%

   1. Tends to be a weaker response

Extinction

The moment the CS is no longer associated with the UCS, we have extinction

Spontaneous recovery

Sometimes after extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented

Stimulus discrimination

Something so different to the CS so you do not get a CR

Stimulus generalization

A specific stimulus is triggered by other similar stimuli

Higher order conditioning

1. Order conditioning after the first order conditioning has occurred 

   1. light+bell= salivation 

   2. light= salivation 

2. Introducing a new stimulus (neutral)

Counterconditioning

A behavior therapy technique that replaces an unwanted emotional or behavioral response to a stimulus with a new, desirable one by creating a new, opposite association

Taste aversion

1. This is one trial leaning 

2. When it comes to food being paired with sickness, the conditioning is incredible strong 

3. Even when food and sickness are hours apart

4. Food must be salient (noticeable) and novel

One-trial learning

A psychological concept where a behavior, association, or memory is established after only a single pairing of stimulus and response, rather than thorough repetition.

Biological preparedness

1. We have a predisposition to be conditioned to fear certain items over others 

2. Ex. snakes, bugs, heights

Habituation

A form of non-associative learning where an organism's behavioral or psychological responses to a repeated, harmless stimulus decrease over time (stop responding to irrelevant, constant stimuli)

Operant conditioning

1. The learner is not passive

2. Learning based on consequences

3. Involuntary

Law of effect

1. Edward torndike 

2. Locked cats in a cafe 

3. Behavior changes because of its consequences

4. Rewards strengthen behavior 

5. If consequences are unpleasant, the stimulus reward connection will weaken

Positive reinforcement (increases behavior)

1. The addition of something pleasant 

Negative reinforcement (increases behavior)

1. The removal of something unpleasant to increase behavior

2. Two types of NR

3. Escape learning 

4. Avoidance learning

Positive punishment

Addition of something unpleasant

Negative punishment

Removal of something pleasant

Primary reinforcer

Things that are in themselves rewarding (more biologically)

Secondary reinforcer

Things we have learned to value (ex: money, a sticker)

Shaping

Reinforcing small steps on the way to the desired behavior

Instinctive drift

The tendency for trained animals revert back to their natural instinctive behaviors

Superstitious behavior

Actions repeated because they were accidentally reinforced, creating a false belief in a cause and effect connection between the behavior and a consequence.

Learned helplessness

A psychological state where an individual, having experienced repeated, uncontrolled negative events, stops trying to change their circumstances, believing they are powerless.

Continuous vs partial reinforcement

1. Continuous reinforcement rewards a behavior every time it occurs, leading to rapid acquisition but fast extinction (ex: vending machine)

2. Partial reinforcement rewards behavior only sometimes, causing slower learning but greater resistance to extinction (ex: slot machines). 

Fixed ratio

an operant conditioning principle where reinforcement is delivered only after a set, predictable number of responses are completed.

Variable ratio

an operant conditioning reinforcement schedule that pays off after an unpredictable number of responses, creating high, consistent rates of behavior, like slot machines or lotteries, because the subject is always hoping the next action brings a reward

Fixed interval

an operant conditioning reinforcement schedule where the first correct response is rewarded only after a specific, predetermined amount of time has elapsed.

Variable interval

an operant conditioning principle where reinforcement (reward) is delivered after an unpredictable, varying amount of time has passed since the last reward

Social learning theory

posits that people learn new behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions by observing and imitating others within a social context

Vicarious conditioning

1. Albert Bandura and his BoBo Doll We learn through modeling behavior from others. Vicarious (observational) learning + Operant Conditioning = Social Learning Theory

Modeling

1. the process of learning new behaviors, skills, or attitudes by observing and imitating others, acting as a key component of observational or social learning

Insight learning

1. Wolfgang Kohler and his Chimpanzees. Some animals learn through the “ah ha” experience.

Latent learning

1. Edward Tolman Three rat experiment. Latent means hidden. Sometimes learning is not immediately evident. Rats needed a reason to display what they have learned. Cognitive Maps

Cognitive map

1. an internal, mental representation of one's environment, allowing for navigation, problem-solving, and understanding spatial relationships, formed through experience and observation, essentially a "mental map" of familiar places and concepts

Cumulative recorder

1. Attached to the skinner box and it graphs the organisms response rate

   1. Steep slope- fast response rate 

   2. Shallow slope- slow response rate