Us history HH

Plessy V Ferguson

a 1896 Supreme Court decision which legalized state ordered segregation so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal. Made segregation legal which lead to unfair laws against Black people in the South

Booker T. Washington

educator, author, political activist, and orator; promoted the idea that African-Americans should pursue economic and educational endeavors before seeking social and political equality. He founded the Tuskegee institute which helped African Americans get training and become self-sufficent.

Marcus Garvey

a political activist who emphasized racial pride and black nationalism. Encourage Black poeple to gain pride and return to africa. Formed the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

UNIA

universal negro improvement association; founded by marcus garvey, promoted the resettlement of American Blacks in their own "african homeland" and sponsored black owned bussnniesses . The UNIA made black people feel pride and strong, especially those who has movved from northern cities. Garveys ideas didnt all suceed. the UNIA helped insire later groups.

Fredrick Douglass

a former black lecturer, editor, writer, and a former slave who escaped the north in 1838. Douglass spoke out and wrote about ending slavery.

Stokely Carmichael

Coined the phrase "black power" and led SNCC away from a nonviolent approach. a leader in the modern movement for the civil rights who emphasized the unique impact of slavery on Black people and how it shaped lasting racial prejudice, distinguishing their experiences. "Black Power" popularized by him,

Ida B. Wells

African American journalist. published statistics about lynching, urged African Americans to protest by refusing to ride streetcards or shop in white owned stores

W.E.B. DuBois

African American middle class scholar. He was involved in the Niagra movement. Searched and voiced equal rights. 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

National Assosiation for the advancement of colored people (NAACP)

An organization dedicated to improving the lives of African Americans. Founded by a group of middle class white men and women.

A. Phillip Randolph

He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opurtunities. Created the FECP (fair empolyment practice committe.

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913). Arrested for violating JIm Crows laws. People boycotted city busses

Montgomery Bus Boycott

A protest where African Americans in Montgomery Alabama refused to ride the city busses to fight against segregation. Made MLK a prominent leader and sparked a larger movement for civil rights using non violent meathods.

MLK Jr.

Leader of the Montgomery Improvement Association. Non-violent leader of the Montgomery bus boycott. A young pastor at Montgomerys Dexter ave church. Became a leader in the Black revoloution due to his sills and dedication towards nonviolent principles.

Brown V. Board of Ed

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

church based/MLK leadership; non-violent. Churches were "Big and organized" and had big groups that black people were allowed to have at that time. Fought for Black poeples rights

SNCC (Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee)

group formed by student activists; used the sit-in as an effective method of protest. Launched by for black college freshman students in Greensboro, North Carolina. It challanged segregation by demanding service at whites only lunch center, sparking widespread protests and leading to the formation of SNCC

Freedom Riders

When African Americans rode buses into the South to peacefully protest segregation. Freedom Rides brought attention to the violence in the South, which resulted in enforcing laws on desegregating seating.

March on Washington (1963)

The 1963 March on Washington was when King led a peaceful march with over 200,000 people for the proposed legislation for new civil rights protecting black citizens. This march gained hundreds of thousands of people's attention and participation; this is where King gave his "I Have A Dream" speech.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

outlawed racial discrimination in the most private facilities open to the public such as theaters, hospitals and resturuants. Stenghthened the governmemt power to end segregation in schools and public places.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a policy designed to reduce the barriers to voting for those suffering discrimination. outlawed literaracy tests and sent federal voter registrants into several southern states.

Malcom X and the Nation of Islam

Spread ideas of black nationalism. Disagreed with both the tactics & goals of the early civil rights movement. Minister of the nation of Islam. Rejected his original name because it was his family's slave name; A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs & advocate independence for Black Americans.

Black Panthers

a militant African-American political organization formed in 1966 by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale to fight police brutality and advocated for civil rights and combined self defence with social programs to adress racial inequality and poverty.

Huey Newton

An American political and urban activist who founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The Black Panther Party worked for the right of self-defense for African-Americans in the United States.

Bobby Seale

An activist and worked at an antipoverty center alongside Huey Newton. He was the other founder of the Black Panthers.

Jessee Jackson

A civil rights leader. He led Operation Push which fought for African American employment and help boycotts against companies who didn't agree with Push's economic covenants.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

an interracial group founded in 1942 by James Farmer to work against segregation in Northern cities.

Angela Davis

American political activist. Associated with the Black Panther Party. Worked with civil rights and prision abolition movements. She fought against systemetic racism, she was arrested but has a lasting impact on social Justice.

Bayard Rustin

one of Martin Luther King's aids though most of his involvement in the movement was kept secret because of his morals arrest and supposed homosexuality. He was very involved in the planning of the March on Washington (1963) introduced King to the ideas of Ghandi. Was an activist who was a member of CORE and helped organize the SCLC. He was chief organizer of the March on Washington and helped promote the case of non-violent protests.

Carol Moseley Braun

She broke racial and gender barriers in american politics, and advocating for civil rights, education, and womens rights. Represented Illinois in the U.S. senate from 1993-1999. First and only African American woman elected to the U.S. Senate.

Charles Huston

black lawyer who taught Thurgood Marshall. He crafted legal staregdy to dismantle segregation and training Thurgood Marshall.

Ella Baker

55 year old executive director of the SCLC; urged student leaders who had encouraged sit-ins to create their own organization (the SNCC - Student Nonviolent Cooperating Committee) She empowered activism and shaped the student led civil rights movement

Fanny Lou Hamer

A voting rights activist and leader in the MISSISSIPPI freedom democratic party. She exposed racial injutstice in voting and challenging the Democratic National Convention in 1964. Best known for the freedom summer and the political party the Mississippi Democratic Freedom Party

Fred Hampton

Deputy chairman of the Black Panther Party, murdered by the FBI. He was seen as politcally motivated

Sojourner Truth

United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women. She gave speeches like "Ain't I a Woman" advocating for racial and gender equality.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor. Argued in Brown V Board of Ed shaping civil rights laws

William Lloyd Garrison

American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.