Chapter 14 experimental psychology

Replicability (to be reputable) –

When a study is reproduced (it has been replicated and the results have already been repeated)

-          It means the person who is replicating the study took someone else’s and repeated it

Direct Replication-

-          The participants, the researcher, the time geography, all the same

-          If it was conducted in person on site, it needs to be the same, so it needs to be in person

-          no deviation from how it was conducted, it has to exactly the same as the first time

The three types of replication

1.      Direct

2.      conceptual

3.      Replication plus extension

Conceptual replication -

The researchers explore the same research question but use different procedures , this means the conceptual variables (IV, DV) are the same but the procedures you use to operationally define them are different

-          Gives more breath of knowledge and confidence that there are multiple ways to define the same concept and  obtained the same outcome

Replication plus extension –

you do everything the original researchers did and you change one thing (Mabey it adding another level to an IV or an IV or another DV)

-          typically, you have a direct replication then you add to it, the easiest way to do this is to add another level or condition to the IV or DV

why is replication important?

-          If we have found a null hypothesis, why is it important to do it again

-          To confirm this phenomenon is still current

-          Recognize confounds (what is the mediating variable)

-          It establishes whether or not it was true to begin with

Ecological validity -

The extent to witch the tasks and manipulations of a study are similar to real world contexts (type of external validity)

we were trying to apply that when participants entered the study are they seeing themselves as really being in the moment and doing what they were asked to do (what’s the buy in) its grater when you can create a context closer to real world environments (increasing external validity)

HARKing –

hypothesizing after the results are known

-          you start with a hypothesis

-          collect data

-          hypotheses is refuted

-          then you change your hypothesis so the data you have will support the hypothesis

-          this is an unethical way of conducting research

P Hacking –

is a family of questionable data analysis techniques. you mess around with the numbers

One of the most common forms of P-hacking -

Set on collecting 60 participants you collect you don’t find data then you continue to collect data until you get the results you want

Open science –

the practice of sharing one’s hypotheses, materials, and data (for free) so that others can collaborate use and verify the results

-          related to open access, open data, open materials, and preregistration

Open access –

refers to peer reviewed academic journals, that anyone even the general public can read without paying for it

Pre- Registered-

A term referring to a study in which before collecting any data the researcher has stated publicly what the study’s outcome is expected to be

-          the reason for this is to avoid something called harking as well as P hacking as well as to establish credibility

Field vs laboratory research –

when you conduct research in the field you are out there you go to where the data is you don’t have the participants bring the data to you  ( high external – in the field – lower internal)

In the laboratory –

high internal lower external

Meta analysis –

can be difficult to understand – a way of mathematically averaging the effect sizes of all the studies that have tested the same variables

-          Quantitative analysis of other analyzes

Why meta analysis are preformed?

to determine what conclusions can be made about a whole body of evidence by looking at effect size of similar variables.