Chapter 4: Properties of Light and Quantum Mechanics

These flashcards cover essential topics related to light properties, electric fields, and quantum mechanics as documented in Chapter 4 lecture notes.

Light is depicted as a __ wave composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields.

transverse

The speed of light is __ m/s.

3.00 x 10^8

Frequencies greater than visible light include __, X-rays, and gamma rays.

ultraviolet

Frequencies less than visible light include __, microwaves, and radio waves.

infrared

Coulomb's law states the electric force magnitude is proportional to __

the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the charges.

The Fundamental Charge of a proton is __ Coulombs.

1.6x10^-19

Electric force is similar to __ force, as both are inversely proportional to distance.

gravitational

According to Coulomb's law, electric force increases as __ increases.

the magnitude of charges

The quantum equation relating energy and frequency is E = hV, where h is __ constant.

Planck's

The Bohr model states electrons travel in __ around the nucleus.

fixed orbits

The maximum number of electrons in the first shell of an atom is __.

2

According to Hund's Rule, electrons occupy __ orbitals first before pairing up.

separate

The Pauli Exclusion Principle states no two electrons can share the same __.

set of quantum numbers

The ground state of an electron configuration represents the __ energy state.

lowest

Ionic radius refers to the size of an __.

ion

The __ effect describes how electromagnetic radiation can eject electrons from a material's surface.

photoelectric

In the context of waves, a node is a point of __ amplitude.

zero

Schrodinger’s equation accounts for both kinetic and __ energy.

potential

The energy of electromagnetic radiation is inversely proportional to its __.

wavelength

Transition metals tend to lose __ electrons when forming ions.

d and s

An electron configuration is said to be __ when it has the lowest possible energy.

ground state

If an atom has unpaired electrons, it is termed __.

paramagnetic

When electron shielding occurs, outer electrons are less effectively attracted by the __.

nucleus

Effective nuclear charge is calculated as Zeff = Z - S, where S is the __ from inner electrons.

shielding constant

Quantum numbers describe unique sets of properties for __ in an atom.

electrons

The principal quantum number (n) determines the __ of the electron.

energy level

The __ quantum number defines the shape of an atomic orbital.

angular momentum (l)

The __ quantum number indicates the orientation of an orbital in space.

magnetic (m_l)

The two types of nodes in an orbital are radial nodes and __ nodes.

angular

Light interacting with matter can exhibit both wave and __ properties.

particle

Schrodinger's wave function relates to the probability of finding an __ in space.

electron

Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by its __ and frequency.

wavelength

The quantum number that describes the spin of an electron is called the __ quantum number.

spin (m_s)

The stability of an atom relies on the __ of electrons around the nucleus.

distribution

In a hydrogen atom, all orbitals have the __ energy.

same

As you move across a period in the periodic table, atomic radius generally __.

decreases

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is known as __ energy.

ionization

The __ principle states that the lowest energy arrangement of electrons is preferred.

Aufbau

Pauli's Exclusion Principle dictates that electrons with __ spins can occupy the same orbital.

opposite

In terms of atomic orbitals, __ clouds represent areas of high probability density.

electron

The term __ refers to an atom's tendency to attract electrons when forming bonds.

electronegativity

As the principal quantum number increases, the energy and __ of the orbital increase.

size

Max Born is known for introducing the concept of __ in quantum mechanics.

probability density

The energy of a photon can be calculated using the equation E = hV, where E is energy and h is __.

Planck’s constant

The __ constant is approximately 6.626 x 10^-34 J·s.

Planck's

Electrons are most stable in their __ configuration.

ground state

In quantum mechanics, the concept of a particle having both wave and particle characteristics is called __.

wave-particle duality

Cations are generally __ than their neutral atoms.

smaller

In electron configurations, __ configurations are characterized by having a full set of d electrons.

pseudo-noble gas

When bonding occurs, atoms with higher electronegativity will likely gain electrons and become __.

anions

A bond formed by the sharing of electrons is termed a __ bond.

covalent

Wavelength and frequency of light are inversely related; as __ increases, wavelength decreases.

frequency