Pathophysiology Exam 1 - UTA

hypoxia

less O2 in the cell

hypoxemia

less O2 in the blood

What genotype is a carrier for Sickle Cell Anemia?

*does not actually have the disease

Tt

What genotype will have Sickle Cell Anemia?

tt

What disease is an example of Autosomal Recessive Disorder?

sickle cell anemia

What disease is an example of Autosomal Dominant Disorder?

polycystic kidney disease

What genotype would have Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD)?

TT, Tt

What genotype would not have an Autosomal Dominant Disorder?

tt

What is the normal range for blood pH?

7.35-7.45

What is hyperglycemia?

higher than normal glucose in blood

What is hypoglycemia?

not enough glucose in blood

What is glycogen?

stored glucose

genesis =

formation

glycogenesis means:

formation of glycogen

state of Hyperglycemia triggers the pancreas to secrete:

insulin

Hypoglycemia triggers the release of hormones:

*4

epinephrine, cortisol, growth hormone, glucagon

Hypoglycemia

Which hormone stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in order to correct hypoglycemia?

What is the formal name of this process?

glucagon

glycogenesis

hypoglycemia

What back-up plan is used if glycogenesis is exhausted or there is no glucose present?

- fats & proteins are broken down for energy

gluconeogenesis

What is the product of the breakdown of fats & proteins during gluconeogenesis?

- it causes acidosis

ketones

In order to function properly & for energy, the brain cells need:

glucose

Sustained Gluconeogenesis causes:

hyperketonemia

Hyperketonemia S&S include:

Ketoacidosis

Ketonuria

Acetone breath (fruity)

Why are Type 1 diabetics usually thin?

gluconeogenesis breaks down their fats and proteins for energy, then muscles

What condition results from the body not creating insulin, causing a decrease in the ability to get glucose into cells from the bloodstream?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

McArdle's Disease is the inability to undergo:

Glycogenolysis

(conversion of glycogen-glucose)

S&S of McArdle's Disease :

muscle weakness

cramps

What are the cons of Anaerobic Glycolysis?

*2

pyruvate accumulates = acidosis (pH imbalance)

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP) is disrupted

An example of a type of patient nurses often see who would be high risk for vitamin deficiencies:

alcoholic

A patient with Iron Deficiency Anemia presents what signs and symptoms?

*3

weakness

fatigue

SOB

(due to less iron for cytochromes in ETC= less ATP made)

Berberi is the disease name for:

thiamine deficiency

alcoholics with Berberi Disease have what group of neurological S&S?

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome includes what S&S?

*3

ataxia (staggering)

paresthesia (numbness, "pins & needles")

memory loss

Cyanide inhibits:

cytochrome oxidase

(enzyme that assists electrons via redox reactions)

If RMP is reset to a MORE positive number than normal:

a.) shortens/lengths

b.) hyperpolarization/hypopolarization

c.) hyperkalemia/hypokalemia

d.) hypercalcemia/hypokalcemia

e.) hypernatremia/hyponatremia

f.) hyperactive or hypoactive

shortens

hypopolarization

hyperkalemia

hypernatremia

hypocalcemia

hyperactive

hypocalcemia has the property of causing more Na+ to go INTO cells, so that cells have abnormally more cations inside them

S&S of hypopolarization:

*4

Chvostek's sign

tetany

irritability

hyperactivity

S&S of hyperpolarization

bradycardia

lethargy

hypoactivity

fatigue

mental slowness