HALABFINAL

Presumptive signs of pregnancy:

subjective; are those signs which, when taken as single entities, could easily indicate other conditions. These findings, discussed in connection with the body system in which they occur, are experienced by the woman but cannot be documented by an examiner

Amenorrhea

absence of monthly menstrual flow 

chorionic gonadotropin

The placenta, which develops in response to the implantation of an embryo, produces a certain hormone called

Breast change

tenderness, fullness, enlargement, darkening of areola and nipples

Nausea and vomiting

increase of HCG and progesterone

Frequent urination

growing fetus and abdomen pressing down the bladder 

Fatigue

 increase metabolic requirement, can increase the amount of morning sickness

Uterine enlargement

increase the size of the fetus

Quickening

fetal movement felt by the mother at 16-20 weeks AOG

Linea Negra

line of dark pigmentation on the abdomen

Melasma

found in other parts of the body is called __

chloasma

darkening of the face and also known as

Striae gravidarum

streaks on the abdomen

Probable signs of pregnancy

• Are objectives signs which can be verified by an examiner. Although they are more reliable than presumptive symptoms, they still do not positively diagnose a pregnancy

• Three weeks after implantation, the placental hormone can be detected in the woman's urine

Positive pregnancy test for HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin):

hormone created by the chorionic villi of the placenta

Chadwicks sign:

vaginal discoloration: pink to purplish/bluish color

Goodell’s sign:

softening of the cervix

Hegar's sign

softening of the lower uterine segment 

Ballottement

when the lower uterine segment is tapped on the bi-manual exam fetus feels to rise on the abdominal wall

Fetal outline felt by the examiner:

28 weeks, palpation of fetal outline by the examiner  

Positive signs of pregnancy:

• Truly reliable signs of pregnancy 

• There are three truly reliable signs of pregnancy: 1. the heartbeat of the fetus during the fifth month, 2. the active movement of the fetus, 3. The fetus becomes visible on the screen

Fetal heart audible: 

• FHB: 120 to 160 beats/min 

• 10-12 weeks using Doppler (first trimester)

• 18-20 weeks using a stethoscope (second trimester)

Fetal movement felt by the examiner

Movements of the fetus that can be perceived by either the mother or the examiner, typically starting around 16-20 weeks for the mother and 20-24 weeks for the examiner.

Recommended weight gain throughout the entire pregnancy is

11.2 - 16 kg

A sudden increase in weight of about 25-40 kg suggests

fluid retention or polyhydramnios

Leopold's Maneuver:

 systematic palpation of the abdominal wall of the pregnant clientto determine fetal position and presentation.