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What economic forces influence agriculture?
Costs, capital, policies, consumer demands.
Where is subsistence agriculture common?
Rural Africa, Asia, Latin America.
Where is commercial agriculture common?
Core and semi-peripheral countries.
What is "infrastructure" in agriculture?
Systems supporting society's functioning.
What is a dual agricultural economy?
Subsistence and commercial farming coexist.
What are "economies of scale"?
Cost reduction with increased production.
What is "agribusiness"?
Large-scale commercial food production.
How has technology increased farm production?
Modern equipment, fertilizers, hybrids.
What are "hybrids" in agriculture?
Bred plants with enhanced traits.
What are "pesticides"?
Substances to control harmful organisms.
What are "herbicides"?
Chemicals toxic to unwanted plants.
What is a "cooperative" in farming?
Farmers combine resources.
What is "capital" in farming?
Money, equipment, land, livestock.
How do governments impact agriculture?
Payments, regulations, price supports.
What are "quotas" in agriculture?
Limits on crop production/sales.
Where is most farmland controlled?
Core countries with commercial farming.
What is "vertical integration"?
Company controls multiple production stages.
What is a "commodity chain"?
Production and distribution steps.
What are "farm subsidies"?
Government payments to farmers.
What is a "tariff"?
Tax on imports or exports.
What is a trade war?
Countries negatively impact each others trade.
What is the Von Thünen model?
Land use based on market distance.
What factors influence the Von Thünen model?
Perishability, transportation costs.
What is the first ring in the Von Thünen model?
Intensive farming and dairying.
What is the second ring in the Von Thünen model?
Forests.
What is the third ring in the Von Thünen model?
Grains and cereal crops.
What is the fourth ring in the Von Thünen model?
Livestock production.
What are "global supply chains"?
Product delivery between countries.
What is a "cash crop"?
Crop produced for commercial value.
What infrastructure is needed for global agriculture?
Roads, ports, communication systems.
What is "monocropping"?
Growing the same crop repeatedly.
What is "neocolonialism"?
Economic control after independence.
What is "fair trade"?
Equitable wages and trading conditions.
What are some benefits of fair trade?
Better wages, market access for farmers.
What are some criticisms of fair trade?
Workers may not benefit, corporate involvement.
What is a food net exporter?
Exports more food value than imports.
What is a food net importer?
Imports more food value than exports.
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