Bio protein synthesis quiz

RNA Polymerase

The enzyme that synthesizes mRNA from DNA.

Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins.

Nucleus

The site of transcription in eukaryotic cells.

Codon

A three-nucleotide sequence that codes for an amino acid

Uracil (U)

A nitrogenous base found in RNA instead of thymine.

Thymine (T)

A nitrogenous base found in DNA but not in RNA.

mRNA (Messenger RNA)

The RNA that carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome.

tRNA (Transfer RNA)

The RNA that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Ribosome

The organelle where protein synthesis occurs.

Translation

 The process of assembling amino acids into a protein.

Transcription

The process of creating an mRNA strand from DNA.

Spliceosome

The enzyme complex that removes introns from pre-mRNA

Frameshift Mutation

A mutation caused by insertion or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the reading frame.

Point Mutation (Substitution Mutation)

A single nucleotide change in a sequence.

Central Dogma of Biology

The flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to Protein.

Transcription & Translation:

• Transcription occurs in the nucleus.

• Translation occurs in the ribosome (cytoplasm).

• mRNA carries genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.

• tRNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome based on codon sequences.

Enzymes and Functions:

• RNA Polymerase: Transcribes DNA into mRNA.

Spliceosome: Removes introns from pre-mRNA.

DNA & RNA Differences:

• DNA contains thymine (T), RNA contains uracil (U).

• RNA is single-stranded, DNA is double-stranded.

• RNA contains ribose sugar, DNA contains deoxyribose.

Genetic Code & Codons:

• A codon consists of three nucleotides.

• AUG is the universal start codon (Methionine).

Stop codons include UAA, UAG, UGA.

Mutations & Effects:

• Frameshift Mutation: Insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame.

Point Mutation: A single nucleotide is substituted, potentially changing one amino acid.

Amino Acid Sequence Analysis:

Be able to determine an amino acid sequence from a given mRNA sequence using a genetic code chart.

Central Dogma of Biology:

The correct sequence is DNA → RNA → Protein.

Genes

Specific base sequence found in DNA that control traits

protein synthesis

Creating proteins from DNA instructions

Transcription

makes and RNA copy of a gene found in the DNA sequence

Translation

the process where ribosomes in the cytoplasm or endoplasmic reticulum decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence to synthesize a specific protein

promoter region

where transcription begins

terminator

found at the end of all genes

Elongation

the stage where amino acids are continously added to the growing protein, ends when a stop codon is read by the ribosome

Mutation

A change in an organisms genetic material

Subsitution

This is when one base is exchanged or swapped for another base

Insertion

This is when one or more bases are inserted into the DNA strand, making it longer

Deletion

This is when 1 or more bases are deleted from the DNa strand, making it shorter

Silent mutation

This mutation has no effect on the amino acid coded for, many amino acids are coded for by multiple codons.

Missense mutation

This mutation causes a codon to code for a different amino acid than the original one.

Framshift mutation

This mutation causes the “reading frame” of the mRNA codons to shift forwards or backwards, changing many amino acids.

Nonsense mutation

This mutation causes a stop codon which terminates translation early, often resulting in a non-functional protein

Transcription happens in the what

nucleus

translation happens where

cytoplasm

Post transcriptional modifications

Before mRNA can leave the nuclues the introns need to be spliced by splicasomes and a poly-A tail and a five prime cap needs to be added

Post translational modifications

The acidic amino acids are attracted to the basic amino acids, the hydrophobic amino acids want to be towards the center, the hydrophilic amino acids want to be towards the outside.

How many chromosome PAIRS are found in a typical cell?

23

Blood cells in bone marrow make hemoglobin. Do those cells contain ONLY chromosome 16? Explain.

No, they have all 23 pairs of chromosomes, but only certain genes are activated within the chromosomes.  

Under what environmental stress would the body create more signals?

At high altitude, there is less oxygen. When the body is exercising or exerting a lot of effort (running, swimming, skiing, skating, illness, lifting, jumping, jogging, etc.)

The sequence of amino acids is often called the Primary structure of a protein?  What determines the sequence of amino acids in the primary structure?

The sequence of the DNA

How many total amino acids are there in a full hemoglobin molecule?

580