A&P lab exam 2

Histology and Cell Physiology

What is Diffusion? 

The movement of a solute from a region of high concentration to low concentration. (Passive transport)

How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

As temp increases the molecules move faster.

Hotter=Faster

How does Viscosity (thickness) affect the rate of diffusion?

As viscosity increases diffusion will decrease.

Thicker/ more Viscosity=Slower

How does molecular size affect the rate of diffusion?

The larger the molecule the harder it is to diffuse.

Bigger=Slower 

How does molecular weight affect the rate of diffusion?

The weight and diffusion is inversely proportional

Heavier = Slower

What is osmosis?

The movement of WATER through a semipermiable membrane from high to low concentration 

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

solution that has lower solute outside the cell rather than inside, water moves INTO the cell —> Cell Swells or bursts (Lysis) 

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

solution that has a higher concentration of solutes outside the cell rather than inside, water moves OUT of the cell —> cell shrivels or shrinks (crenates)

What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?

both solutions contain the same amount of solute molecules. net movement of water is 0 —> cell maintains normal shape and size

What is filtration?

a solvent and its dissolved substances will move from high pressure to low pressure.

The effect of Viscosity on diffusion rate experiment

The viscosity of the agar is higher than water so diffusion happens faster in water.

The effect of Molecular size/weight on diffusion rate expirament 

the higher the weight/size the slower the diffusion, potassium permanganate diffused faster than methylene blue because potassium is smaller and lighter. 

The effect of Particle size on diffusion rate

The bigger the particle the slower/ less likely to diffuse. The smaller the particle the faster/easier to diffuse. starch didn’t diffuse bc larger, salt/NaCl did diffuse bc smaller, egg didn’t diffuse bc bigger, glucose did diffuse bc smaller. 

Osmosis reaction

THe egg in water gained weight because water was moving into the egg, it was a hypotonic solution. the egg in Karo syrup lost weight because it was a hypertonic solution, water was moving out of the egg. 

Cell Tonicity Reaction

0.9% NaCl is isotonic. below that (ex. 0.1%/0.5% NaCl) are hypotonic solutions, the cell will expand/lysis. above (ex. 2%/5% NaCl) are hypertonic solutions, the cell will shrink/crenate.

Epithelial Tissue 

continuous sheets in single or multiple layers, connected to basement membrane , closely packed with little intercellular space between plasma membranes 

Avascular

High rate of cell division (mitosis occurs often) 

extensive intervention 

FUNCTIONS; selective barrier, secretory surface, protective surface, sensations(nerve endings) 

Simple Squamous Epithelial

Function: Filtration, Secretion, Diffusion, Osmosis 

Found in: lines heart, blood, lymphatic vessels, and alveoli of lungs 

Stratified Squamous Epithelial 

Function: Protection

Found in: epidermis of skin, lines oral cavity, esophagus and vagina

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelial

Function: protection and secretion / movement of mucus

Found in: lines airways of respiratory tract, lines glands and ducts

Simple Columnar Epithelial

Function: (ciliated) - moves substances/ mucus by ciliary action

(non-ciliated) - Secretion and absorption 

Found in: (ciliated) - lines bronchioles of respiratory tract, uterine tubes, and uterus

(non-ciliated) - lines GI tract, ducts, glands, and gallbladder 

Connective Tissue

Binds, Supports, protects - most diverse tissue

HIGHLY VASCULAR

Areolar Connective 

most widely distributed

Function: Protects and Binds

Found in: Subcutaneous layer of deep skin, surrounds nerves and organs, makes up dermis of the skin 

Adipose Connective

made of adipocytes that store triglycerides 

Function: supports and protects various organs; good insulator; reserve for energy 

Found in: subcutaneous layer deep to the skin and surrounds organs

Dense Regular Connective

collagen fibers in bundles with fibroblasts in rows between bundles 

Function: provides strong attachment between structures 

Found in: forms tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses 

Blood Connective Tissue

red blood cells - erythrocytes (pink)

white blood cells - leukocytes (purple)

platelets - thrombocytes

plasma - extracellular matrix

Bone Connective Tissue:

Compact Bone front

Spongey Bone back

Skeletal Muscle

Striated, Multinucleated, and Voluntary

attached to bones by tendons

Cardiac Muscle

Striated, Single Nucleus, and Involuntary 

Found in: walls of heart ONLY

have intercalated discs : attach cells together

Smooth Muscle

Non-striated, Single nucleus, and Involuntary 

Found in: Many organs/structures like blood vessels, airways to lungs, stomach, intestines, gallbladder, etc..

Nervous/ Neuron

Cell body/Soma : one nucleus and various organelles

Dendrites: Short extensions of cell body that receive electrical impulses

Axon: Large single extension of cell body that transmit electrical impulses Away from cell body

What is the function of Adipocytes?

They store triglycerides

What tissues are Avascular?

Epithelial and Cartilage tissues

What are the 3 types of Cartilage?

Fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs, menisci of knee, pubic symphysis 

Hyaline Cartilage: end of long bones, nose larynx, and bronchi 

Elastic Cartilage: top of larynx, external ear, and auditory tubes 

What are the types of Loose Connective Tissue? 

Areolar

Reticular

Adipose

What are the types of Fluid Connective Tissue?

Blood

Lymph 

What is the purpose of the Dendrites in a neuron? 

receive electrical impulses 

What is the purpose of the axon in a neuron?

send out electrical impulses