APUSH EXAM COLONIAL HISTORY REVIEW CHAPTERS 1-7

Aztecs/Mexica

vast empire that has control over control of Mexico, capital of Tenochititlan, very advanced cultivation practices such as corn, diseases is a case of great losses, didn’t have access to steel

Caravel ship

Made by the Portuguese, allow boats sail against the wind, able to use sails to sail to the coastline of Africa, contact between European merchant traders and merchants traders of Africa, enslaved people are considered goods that Africa trades with Portuguese (refer back to trans-atlantic trade), slaves are used to work on sugar plantations (major resource)

Marco Polo

Indirect Discoverer of NEW WORLD

The Italian adventurer returned to Europe in 1295 and began telling tales of his nearly twenty-year sojourn in China. 

• EUROPE had desire for a cheaper route to the treasures of the East

Christopher Columbus

Sell westward to find the Indies, want access to resources by traveling West, lands in Caribbean but he think he’s in the Indie

Columbian Exchange

Products from the New World help revolutionize the European economy and European diet. (they saw iguanas and rattlesnakes)

• Tobacco

• Corn

• Beans

• Tomatoes

• Potatoes

In exchange Europe introduces crops and animals to New World.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Spain secured its claim to Columbus’s discovery in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), dividing with Portugal the “heathen lands” of the New World.

Conquistadores

Translates to conquers, spain and portugal conquer aztec and other indigenous peoples for precious metals such as gold

Ferdinand Magellan

Started from Spain in 1519 with 5 tiny ships. He was slain by the inhabitants of the Philippines. He completed the first circumnavigation of the globe.

Francisco Pizzarro

conquered the Incas in Peru

Incas

Peru, highly advanced south american civilization, conquered by Pizarro

Encomienda = Slavery (encomienda was mie*da)

It allowed the government to “commend” or give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them. 

Bartolome de las Casas (KNOW THIS ONE!)

Spanish missionary monk that speaks out against encomienda

Hernan Cortes

Cortés led a force that captured the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1521, marking a pivotal moment in the Spanish conquest of the Americas.

Junipero Serra

Establishes missions to convert indigenous people into catholics 

“Black Legend”

False and negative concept that the Spanish conquerors merely tortured and butchered the Indians “killing for Christ”, stole their gold, enslaved and infected the natives with diseases. 

Vasco de Gama

1498 - Vasco de Gama finally reaches India and returns home with a small but tantalizing cargo of jewels and spices.

Isabella of Castille + Ferdinand of Aragon

Kingdom of Spain unites, Spain races to tap the wealth of the Indies + looks Westward

Pope’s Rebellion

The Indian uprising against the suppression from Missionaries from New Mexico is called the Pope’s Rebellion

Queen Elizabeth I

Unites england after a religious battle betweeen the Protestants and Catholics, Henry the eight broke away from protestants, stops the religious see-saw (as the textbook quotes), makes England a Protestant country, sets their sites on a new world empire of their own

Sir Francis Drake

He was a pirate/sea-dog, knighted by Queen Elizabeth I, Stealing cargo from spanish ships at sea, fight off spanish attempts to take over England 

Sir Walter Raleigh

Sea-dog, Given the opportunity to be in charge of Roanoke Island

Roanoke island

Raleigh organized an expedition to that first landed in 1585 on North Carolina’s Roanoke Island, off the coast of Virginia (named virginia in honor of the virgin queen). The colony then mysteriously vanished and was swallowed up by the wilderness.

Spanish Armada

Invincible spanish navy, unsuccessful to leash their attack english, marks the beginning of the end of the mark on the spanish empire, power declines

Primogeniture

Laws that decreed that only eldest sons were eligible to inherit landed estates

Joint stock company

Early 1600s, the joint-stock company forerunner of the modern corporation was perfected. Enabled a considerable number of investors or “adventurers” to pool their capital.

Motives:

• Religious freedom

• Unemployment

• Thirst for adventure

• Markets $$$

Virginia Company of London

Joint-stock company, received a charter from King James I of England for a settlement in the New World 

Motive:

• Desire for gold

• To find a passage through America to the Indies

Charter

Legal document provided by a monarch, guaranteed to have certain rights, privileges and rights come with you, charter gradually extends to english colonies

Jamestown

Virginia Company’s English Settlers disembarked on May 27, 1607 here

Powhatan

Indian Chieftain, Kidnapped John Smith, Daughter is Pocahontas

Indians want to establish peaceful relations with Virginians.

John Smith

Saved Virginia from utter collapse

PRSENTED BY:

• Leadership

• Resourcefulness

Was kidnapped by Indian Chieftain Powhatan to show Powhatan’s power

Pocahontas

Daughter of Powhatan, saved John Smith

“Starving Time”

When john smith left and people were lacking resources, more than half the people died, people resort to cannibalism 

Lord de la Warr

Governor of Virginia, he ordered the settlers to go back to Jamestown, imposed law and order in the colony, and soon undertook aggressive military action against the Indians known as the Anglo-Powhatan Wars

John Rolfe

Ended the First Anglo-Powhatan War in 1614 when he married Pocahontas

First Anglo-Powhatan Wars

Ended by a peace settlement in 1614, it was when the troops of De La Warr used “Irish Tactics” and they raided the villages of the Indians, burned their houses, confiscated provisions and torched their cornfields.

Second Anglo-Powhatan Wars

1644, the Indians made one last effort to dislodge the Virginians, 

Native Indians are defeated 😞 = population decreases immensely, Indians are separated from their native homes

House of Burgesses

First colony wide legislature in Virginia, people are elected to make decisions for people in Virginia, make and enforce local laws  

Barbados Slave Codes

1661 denied even the most fundamental rights to slaves and gave masters virtually complete control over their laborers, including the right to inflict vicious punishments for even slight infractions

Protestant reformation

After King Henry VII broke with the Roman Catholic Church in the 1530s, this had launched the English Protestant Reformation

Martin Luther

German friar, had protests against Catholic doctrines to the door of Wittenburg’s cathedral in 1517, He criticized the authority of priests and popes, he declared the bible alone to be the source of God’s word, He IGNITED a fire of religious reform (“Protestant Reformation”) that lingered in Europe for more than half a century and divided people, also questions why the pope is getting involved in politics, money and greed in the church?

James Oglethorpe

Imperialist, philanthropist

One of the founders of Georgia, dynamic soldier-statesman

• Became keenly interested in prison reform after one is friends died in a debtor’s jail

Able military leader = Oglethorpe repelled Spanish attacks

SAVED the “charity colony” because of his energetic leadership and by heavily mortgaged his own personal fortune

Puritans

Belief that the church of england can be purified within, to make moves to try and eliminate catholic practices in the church

Separatists

They vowed to break away entirely from the Church of England, leave to practice their religion freely, King James I doesn’t allow them to practice their religion freely and are considered enemies of the state, King James I believed that they are challenging his authority 

Plymouth

Separatists settle for religion, freedom here, they want to practice their religion freely

Mayflower compact

A set of rules and regulations, Come together to make democratic decisions, everything is decided through majority rule, satisfying being english and practicing protestant religion

William Bradford

a Pilgrim leader, second governor of the Plymouth Colony from 1621-1657, one of the original signers of the Mayflower Compact

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Singularly blessed, the well-equipped expedition of 1630 with 11 vessels carrying nearly 1000 immigrants, started the colony off on a larger scale than any of the other English settlements

Massachusetts Bay Company

non-Separatist Puritans secured a royal charter to form the MB Company, they proposed to establish a sizable settlement in the infertile Massachusetts area, with Boston soon becoming its hub, used as a constitution and easy reach out of royal authority

John Winthrop

Prosperous + educated, immigrated to the Bay colony, well-to-do pillar of English society, who became the colony’s first governor

“Congregational Church”

adult males who belonged to the Puritan congregations, which in time came to be called collectively the Congregational Church

Navigational Laws

were a series of British laws enacted between 1651 and 1696 to regulate colonial trade and promote British economic interests. These laws aimed to create a closed economy between Britain and its colonies, restricting colonial trade to British ships and requiring goods to be shipped through England. 

Dominion of New England

was a single administrative unit formed by the English government in 1686, combining the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut under a royal government

“Salutary neglect”

Enforce navigational laws, goal to make England earn as much money through trade as possible 

Calvinism

Became the dominant theological credo not only of the New England Puritans but of the American settlers as well, including the Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and communicants of the Dutch Reformed Church

The Elect

Some souls “the elect” had been destined for eternal bliss and others for eternal torment

“Predestination”

you were either predestined to go to heaven or hell (i’m prob going to hell)

Dutch East India Company

a chartered trading company established in 1602 that was granted a 21-year monopoly to trade in Asia

Indentured Servants

Young men who had fled from England from disastrous cloth trades that hit England in the 17th century. Indentured servants were also tenants that had been forced out of their modest farms when their landlords enclosed their land for sheep grazing. Indentured servants voluntarily mortgaging the sweat of their bodies for several years (usually 4 to 7) to Chesapeake masters. In exchange they received transatlantic passage and eventual “freedom dues”, including an ax and a hoe, a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and perhaps a small parcel of land.

Freedom dues

Indentured Servants in exchange they received transatlantic passage and eventual “freedom dues”, including an ax and a hoe, a few barrels of corn, a suit of clothes, and perhaps a small parcel of land.

Headright System

Used to encourage the importation of servant workers. Under its terms, whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire 50 acres of land. MASTERS reaped the benefits of land ownership from the headright system. Some masters, men who already had at least modest financial means, soon parlayed their investments in servants into vast holdings in real estate.

Bacon’s Rebellion

Murdered Native Indians (friendly and hostile alike), chased Berkley from Jamestown, put the torch to the capital, rampage of plundering and pilfering, more than 20 rebels were hanged by Berkeley.

Middle Passage

Passage across atlantic, diseases spread and people dying, horrible conditions on the ship, once arrived in the New world people are sold as slaves

Salem Witch Trials

Lots of those accused of being witches were from new school money making people, people making the accusations were old religious people, women who were not married, “omg you put a spell on me!” - bffr, fungus on food causes people to have strange experiences, governor’s wife is accused of withcraft and then the governor stops the hysteria, looses control 

Nathaniel Bacon

Virginians broke out of control in 1676, 29 years old, Many of the rebels were frontiersmen who had been forced into the untamed backcountry in search of arable land. They fiercely resented Willliam Berkeley’s friendly policies toward the Indians, whose thriving fur trade the governor monopolized.

Great Awakening

The stage was set for a rousing religious revival. Known as the Great Awakening, it exploded in the 1730s and 1740s and swept through the colonies like a fire through prairie grass. The Awakening was first ignited in Northampton, MD, by a tall delicate and intellectual pastor, Jonathan Edwards.

Jonathan Edwards

Ignited the Great Awakening, deepest theological mind ever nurtured in America. Edwards proclaimed with burning righteousness the folly of believing in salvation through good works and affirmed the need for complete dependence on God’s grace. 

George Whitfield

4 years later English parson loosed a different style of evangelical preaching on America and touched off a conflagration of religious ardor that revolutionized the spiritual life of the colonies

Zenger Trial

John Paul Zenger talks about the corrupt ways of the NY governor, found not guilty because what he said was true and he had evidence, demonstrated freedom of speech and 1st amendment

“Established” churches

Two “established,” or tax-supported, churches were conspicuous in 1775, the Angelican and Congregational. A considerable segment of the population, surprisingly enough, did not worship in any church. And in those colonies that maintined an “established” religioin, only a minority of the people belonged to it. 

Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen, known as old lights, were deeply skeptical of the emotinalism and the theatrical antics of the revivalists.

New Lights

Defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American religion. 

Quebec

Permanent beginnings of the vast empire (French area) were established in Quebec. A granite sentinel commanding the St. Lawrence River. 

Samuel de Champlain

Leading figure, intrepid soldier and explorer whose energy and leadership had earned him the title of “Father of New France”.

Huron Indians

Champlain has a friendly relationship with them. At their request, he joined them in battle against their foes, the federated Iroquois tribes of the upper New York area.

Iroquois Indians

a confederacy of six Native American nations in the northeastern part of North America. They are known for their political system, the Great Law of Peace, and their influence on the development of the United States.

New France

The government of New France (Canada) finally fell under the direct control of the king after various commercial companies had faltered or failed. This royal regime was almost completely autocratic. 

Fort Duquesne

Especially formidable was Fort Duquesne at the pivotal point where the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers join to form the Ohio-the later site of Pittsburgh. 

George Washington

In 1754 the governor of Virginia ushered George Washington, a 21 year old surveyor and fellow Virginian. To secure the Virginians’ claims, Washington was sent to the Ohio Country as a lieutenant colonel in command of about 150 Virginia militiamen. 

French and Indian War

Once Washington starts to open fire this starts the war, occured in America

Albany Congress

Almost half of the american colonies form to have a joint defense effort 

Benjamin Franklin

A month before the congress assembled, ingenious Benjamin Franklin published in his Pennsylvania Gazette the most famous cartoon of the colonial era. Showing the separate colonies as parts of a disjointed snake, it broadcast the slogan “Join, or Die.”

Edict of Nantes

was issued by the crown. It granted limited toleration to French Protestants.

War of Jenkin’s Ear

Broke out in 1739 between the British and the Spaniards. It was confined to the Caribbean Sea and to the much-buffeted buffer colony of Georgia. Robert Jenkins gets his ear cut off by a sword

Proclamation of 1763

It flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians, pending further adjustments. 

William Pitt

He was a Whig statesman who fundamentally shifted the focus of British efforts from colonial skirmishes to conquering Canada, leading to crucial victories like the capture of Louisbourg, Quebec, and Montreal. This effectively ended French power in North America

James Wolfe

a British general who led the siege of Quebec in 1759, resulting in British victory and securing Canada for the British Empire.

Battle of Quebec

The first battle, on the Plains of Abraham, resulted in a British victory and ultimately led to British control of Canada. The second, a Continental Army attack, was a disastrous failure for the Americans. 

Treaty of Paris 1763

By the peace settlement at Paris (1763), French power was thrown completely off the continent of North America, leaving behind a fertile French population that is to this day a strong minority in Canada. 

Pontiac’s War

was a conflict in 1763 between Native American tribes and British colonists in the Ohio Country and Great Lakes region. Led by Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, the rebellion united various tribes to resist British expansion after the French and Indian War. 

Mercantilism

British authorities embraced mercantilism because it justified their control over the colonies. Mercantilists believed that wealth was power and that a country’s economic wealth (and hence its military and political power) could be measured by the amount of gold or  silver in its treasury. EXPORT > IMPORT

Sugar Act

Tax on foreign sugar from France, send tax collection agents to colonies, tax is then reduced

Quartering Act

1765. This measure required certain colonies to provide food and quarters for British troops.

Stamp Tax

Then in the same year, 1765, Greenville imposed the most odious measure of all: a stamp tax, to raise revenues to support the new military force. The Stamp Act mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps, certifying payment of tax.

Stamp Act Congress

Meeting in NY to protest the Stamp Act, the belief that it is unfair and unjustified 

Admiralty courts

Both the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act provided for trying offenders in the hated admiralty courts where juries were not allowed. The burden of proof was on the defendants, who were assumed to be guilty unless they could prove themselves innocent. 

Sons/Daughters of Liberty

Sometimes violence accompanied colonial protests. Groups of ardent spirits, known as Sons of Liberty and Daughters of Liberty, took the law into their own hands. Crying “Liberty, Property, and No Stamps,” they enforced the nonimportation agreements against violators, often with a generous cost of tar and feathers. 

Townshend Acts

The most important of these new regulations was a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. Townshend, seizing on a dubious distinction between internal and external taxes, made this tax, unlike the stamp tax, an indirect customs duty payable at American ports. 

Boston Massacre

Sons of liberty and daughters of liberty are here, send troops to Boston, animosity builds prior to this, John Adams defend people in this Massacre , lots of casualties, hostilities amount into violence

John Adams

Becomes a patriot, becomes leader in continental congress

King George III

In 1770 only 32 years old was trying to assert power of the British monarchy. He was a good man in his private morals, but he proved to be a bad ruler. Earnest, industrious, stubborn, and lustful for power, he surrounded himself with cooperative “yes men,” notably his corpulent prime minister, Lord North.