maddison sims study guide

what do these cover

• epineurium

• perineurium

• endoneurium

1. covers entire nerve

2. covers the fascicles

3. covers individual axons

ok

what does it mean when nerves are mixed

mixed nerves carry sensory and motor neurons

• a nerve in the peripheral nervous system that carries both sensory (afferent) signals to the central nervous system (CNS) and motor (efferent) signals from the CNS

CRANIAL NERVES!!!!

For spinal nerves, which parts are mixed?
1. Dorsal roots 2. Dorsal rami
3. Ventral roots 4. Ventral rami
A. 1, 2 and 3
B. 1 and 3
C. 2 and 4
D. 4 only
E. 1, 2, 3 and 4

C. dorsal rami and ventral rami are mixed

ok

study the descriptions of the cranial nerves

ok

what is wrist drop and what nerve is affected

wrist drop is the inability to EXTEND your hand at the wrist. radial nerve is damaged

what is the epineurium made out of and what does it cover

Made of tough fibrous CT that surrounds the nerve

Know where dendrites, axon terminals and axons are located in ascending and descending tracks.

• ASCENDING: sensory tracts ascending to carry sensory input to the PRIMARY SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

• dendrites and cell bodies located in periphery or spinal cord ig where they receive stimulus

• Axon terminals located in gray matter (Cerebral cortex), postcentral gyrus, primary somatosensory cortex

Know where dendrites, axon terminals and axons are located in ascending and descending tracks.

• DESCENDING:MOTOR TRACKS DESCEND TO CARRY MOTOR OUTPUT FROM THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

• dendrites and cell bodies located in gray matter (cerebral cortex), precentral gyrus. and primary motor cortex

• Axon terminals are located in the spinal cord

WHITE MATTER

1. what is white matter specifically in the CNS

2. why is it called white matter

3. what would be found there

1. White matter is the region of the central nervous system (brain + spinal cord) that contains:

   • Myelinated axons (the main component)

   • Some unmyelinated axons

   • Glial cells (especially oligodendrocytes)

2. called white matter because it consists mainly myelinated axons, myelination has a white appearance

3. Myelinated axons (the main component)

4. Some unmyelinated axons

5. Glial cells (especially oligodendrocytes)

what nerve causes carpal tunnel syndrome

median nerve is affected with carpal tunnle syndrome

VENTRAL RAMI

1. what are they

2. where are they from (branching out from)

3. where are they branching to

1. ventral rami are the front branches of spinal nerves

2. Originate from spinal nerves and branch to innervate muscles, skin, plexuses

3. Muscles, skin, plexuses. Innervate lateral and anterior neck, and innervate upper and lower limbs.

what are the ranges of these plexuses

1. cervical

2. brachial

3. lumbar

4. sacral

5. coccygeal

1. cervical: C1-C4

2. brachial: C5-C8 and T1

3. Lumbar: L1-L4

4. Sacral: 4-S4

5. Coccygeal: coccygeal nerve

where is the primary somatosensory cortex

found in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes

what does it mean when cells are excitable

able to respond to a stimulus by generating AP

• cells can generate and conduct electrical activity

PLEXUSES

• Why are they way they are in terms of damage, and how will this affect paralyzation

• Can plexus lose complete innervation

• why are they located where they are

• damage to a single spinal nerve or root would only cause PARTIAL loss of function(limb wont be completely paralyzed)

• NO, each plexus branch has fibers to form multipal spinal nerves so it will never lose complete innervation

• Located in specific regions to provide innervation to specific muscles in the body

What is the starting course for the optic nerve, starting with light entering the eye

1. retina

2. optic nerve

3. optic chiasm

4. thalamus

5. primary visual cortex

6. occipital lobe

what do rami carry, sensory, motor, both?

• dorsal rami

• ventral rami

• dorsal rami: carries sensory and motor neurons

• ventral rami: carries both sensory and motor neurons

know the cranial nerves

ok functionsthis

this nerve…

• passes anteriorly down arm and forearm

• pases through carpal tunnle

• innervates flexor muscles in forearm, palm and fingers 1-3 and part of finger 4

median nerve

this nerve…

• passes anteriorly along arm and parallel to ulna. innervates forearm flexors and fingers 4-5

ulnar nerve

this nerve…

• longest and thickest nerve in the body. innervates hamstring muscles in posterior thigh for thigh extension and leg flexion, composed of two nerves

sciatic nerve

this nerve…

• innervates skin and muscles of neck, ear, and back of head and shoulders. causes hiccups when irritated

phrenic

this nerve…

• found in the thoracic cavity. Carries motor and sensory neurons. Run between the ribs

intercostals

ok

what 3 nerves are specific to the brachial plexus

1. 1. median

2. ulnar

3. radial

KNOW THE RANGES OF PLEXUSES

OK

The sciatic nerve is a combination of two nerves, what are the names of the two nerves that come together

tibial and common fibular nerves (peroneal)

Bells palsy

• what is it

• what causes it

• what is the treatment

• inflammation of the facial nerve

• causes paralysis of facial muscles usually on one side

• corticosteroids for treatment

********PRE MEDICAL STUDENTS CAN GET BALLS PALSY DUE TO THEIR STRESS FROM FINALS

Olfactory nerve

• what is the order that it goes throguh, the steps not the order order

1. begins with olfactory receptor cells that detect smell

2. travels through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

3. fibers then synapse in olfactory bulbs

4. then signals are carried along a tract to the primary olfactory cortex

where are the ventral roots going towards, what do they innervate and why

• ventral roots carry motor neurons out of the spinal cord toward the body

• they innervate muscles involved in voluntary movement because they carry motor neurons

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic effects for…

• Eye (smooth muscle of iris)

Para: constricts pupils

Sympathetic: dilated pupils

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic effects for…

• salivary glands

PARA: increases salivation

SYMPATHETIC: decreases salivation

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic effects for…

• adrenal medulla

PARA: no effects (no innervation)

SYMP: stimulates medullary cells to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine as hormones

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic effects for…

• Heart

PARA: decreases heart rate

SYMP: increases heart rate, increases contraction strength

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic effects for…

• digestive organs

PARA: promotes digestion

SYMP: slows/inhibits digestion

What are the parasympathetic and sympathetic effects for…

• lungs

PARA: constricts bronchioles

SYMP: dilates bronchioles

VAGUS NERVE

• what is it innervating

• where does it exit skull

• How is it coursing

• innervates organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

• exits the skull through the jugular foramen

• descend down the thorax and abdomen

RAYNAUD’S DISEASE

• what is it

• what causes it

• what is happening in the body

• painful exaggerated vasoconstriction in the fingers and toes

• blood vessels in fingers and toes overreacting to cold or stress, digits turn pale

What neurotransmitters are secreted from the pre and post ganglion fibers in autonomic and parasympathetic nervous system

1. somatic

2. sympathetic PREganglionic

3. sympathetic POST ganglionic

4. parasympathetic PREganglionic

5. parasympathetic POSTganglionic

1. somatic: ACh

2. sympathetic PREganglionic: ACh

3. sympathetic POST ganglionic: norepinephrine

4. parasympathetic PREganglionic: ACh

5. parasympathetic POSTganglionic: ACh

what is the name of the bottom tip of the spinal cord

conus medullaris

know the directional terms, superior etc

ok

• what are positive feedback loops and what happens in them?

• positive feedback loops control processes that occur INFREQUENTLY.

• temporarily increases the original stimulus and moves the variable away from the set point

• returns the body to homeostasis

tight junctions

• what are they

• where are they found

• impermeable junctions, nothing passes through

• found in digestive tract in the small intestine and kidneys, BBB

What is dense irregular CT, and where is it found

• bundles of collagen, think and randomly arranged. resists tension in many directions

• found in dermis of skin, fibrous joint capsules, and fibrous covering in some organs

what is dense regular CT and where is it found

• numerous collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles

• withstands stress with force applied in ONE SINGULAR direction

• found in TENDONS and most LIGAMENTS

THIRD DEGREE BURNS

• how do we classify them

• what do they look like

• treatment

• known as a full thickness burn, destroys all layers of the skin

  • epidermis

  • dermis

  • nerves, hair follicles, sweat glands, blood vessels

• Dry, leathery appearance, white, waxy, brown, charred

  • NO BLISTERING: blistering is 2nd degree

• skin grafts are often used for treatment

what are the levels of organization, levels that we study at

1. chemical: study of atoms and molecules

2. cellular: study of cells

3. tissues: study of tissues, groups of cells that carry out a specialized function

4. organ:; multiple tissues working together for a specific function

5. organ systems: group of organs that work together for a common purpose

6. organismal: made up of many organ systems working together

what are teh 4 anatomy approaches

1. regional

2. systemic

3. microscopic

4. gross

what are these anatomy approaches descriptions

1. regional

2. systemic

3. microscopic

4. gross

1. regional: observes one body area

2. systemic: observes a body system

3. microscopic: anatomy seen with a microscope

4. gross: anatomy seen without a microscope

• what are the names of the membranes that surround the lungs

• Why are they there and what is their purpose

• Visceral pleura surround the lungs themselves, parietal pleura surround the cavity that they sit in

• these membranes secrete serous fluid between the membranes to reduce friction between neighboring organs

• what is a lacunae

• what is found inside the lacunae

• lacunae are embedded cavities in hard bone matrix or cartilage

• BONE: osteocyte in lacunae

• CARTILAGE: chondrocyte in lacunae

ok

what is the purpose of epithelium, or what are the 5 characteristics of epithelium

1. protection

2. secretion

3. absorption

4. filtration

5. sensory receptor

MELANOCYTES

• what are they

• What layer of skin are they found

• What do they secrete

• a mature melanin-forming cell, especially in the skin.

• found in the basal layer of the skin

  • (C, L, G, S, B) -found in the deepest layer of the skin

• they secrete melanin to produce the color of hair, skin, eyes.

  • also protects the skin against UV radiation

what is the order of the skin layer

1. stratum corneum

2. stratum lucidum

3. stratum granulosum

4. stratum spinosum

5. stratum basale

   1. look up what is the last layer of skin to contain alive cells

what are the two layers of the dermis

1. papillary

2. reticular

what is this layer of the dermis

• thin layer of loose areolar CT propper

• dermal papillae

papillary layer

what layer of the dermis is this

• thick layer of dense irregular CT

• makes up the bulk of the dermis

reticular

what bones belong to the appendicular skeleton

1. everything else, the girdles, lower and upper limbs

what bones belong to the axial skeleton

• only things in the axis

• skill, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone

what is endochondral ossification, what forms and what is replaced, what type is it from.

• occurs in all bones except for clavicles

• cartilage forms first, then replaced by bone. Forms from hyaline cartilage

• starts off with the medullary cavity

• *. look up the steps perchance

what are the 4 types of bones classified by shape

1. long (humerus) limbs

2. short *talus)

3. flat( sternum)

4. irregular (vertebra)

description of long bones and what is unique to them, and examplkes

Longer than it is wide

• medullary cavity with yellow bone

• shaft

• HUMERUS

• FEMUR

description of short bones and examples

• no diaphysis, epiphysis or medullary cavity. Includes CUBED bones

• CARPALS

• TARSALS

• PATELLAE

description of flat bones and examples

• no diaphysis, epiphysis or medullary cavities.

• STERNUM

• RIBS

• SCAPULAE

• ROOFING BONES

description of irregular bones and some examples

• no diaphysis, epiphysis or medullary cavity

• VERTABRAE

• HIPBONES

• CERTIAL FACIAL BONES AND CRANIAL BONES

What is the name of the neurotransmitter that operates at the neuromuscular junction

acetylcholine

Where is teh primary somatosensory cortex found

post central gyrus of parietal lobe

What is a sulcus

shallow groove that separates gyrus

what is a gyrus

a ridge on the surface of the brain

what is a fissure

deep groove that divides brain into lobes and hemispheres

AREAS OF THE CNS

• primary motor cortex

• premotor cortex

• visual association area

• primary auditory cortex

primary motor cortex: located in precentral gyrus, initiates voluntary movements

premotor cortex: found in frontal lobe in front of primary motor cortex. involved in the repetitive learned motor skills

visual association area: located in occipital lobe and surrounds primary visual cortex. Interprets visual stimuli and makes sense of the information

primary auditory cortex: located in the temporal lobe

PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX

• where is it located

• what is its function

• located in precentral gyrus

• initiates voluntary movement of skeletal muscle

PREMOTOR CORTEX

• where is it found

• what is its function

• found in the frontal lobe in front of primary motor cortex

• involved in the repetitive learned motor skills

VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA

• where is it located

• what is its function

• located in the occipital lobe, surrounds primary visual cortex

• interprets visual stimuli and makes sense of the information

PRIMARY AUDITORY CORTEX

• where is it located

• what is its function

• located in the temporal lobe

• receives input from inner ear for pitch, loudness, and sound localization

DORSAL COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMINSCAL PATHWAY

• 1st order neurons…

• emerge from dorsal roots of spinal cord, synapse at medulla oblongata

DORSAL COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMINSCAL PATHWAY

• 1st order neurons emerge from the ___, and synapse at the ___

emerge from the dorsal roots of the spinal cord

synapse at the medulla oblongata

DORSAL COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMINSCAL PATHWAY

2nd order neurons, where do they emerge and synapse

• emerge from medulla, synapse at thala,us

DORSAL COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMINSCAL PATHWAY

3rd order neurons, where do they emerge from and where do they synapse

emerge from the thalamus, synapse at primary somatosensory cortex

DORSAL COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMINSCAL PATHWAY

2nd order neurons emerge from the ___, and synapse at the ___

medulla; thalamus

DORSAL COLUMN-MEDIAL LEMINSCAL PATHWAY

3rd order neurons emerge from the ___, synapse at the ___

thalamus;primary somatosensory cortex

what is saltatory conductance

the rapid "leaping" of nerve impulses (action potentials) from one gap in the myelin sheath (Node of Ranvier) to the next along a myelinated axon

• conduction of electrical signals across myelinated axons

what is the reason for saltatory conductance?

speeds up the rate AP’s travel for a quicker transmission of nerve signals

• to speed up the transmission of nerve impulses along a neuron and make this process more energy-efficient

what allows for saltatory conductance

• myelination and nodes of ranvier allows for rapid, jumpy, conduction

the myelin sheath (an insulating layer) and the Nodes of Ranvier (gaps in the sheath) on myelinated axons

ok

what are the 5 structures of the CNS put int he correct order

1. spinal cord

2. medulla oblongata

3. pons

4. cerebellum

5. midbrain

6. cerebrum

what are the orders of muscle organization

1. LARGEST TO SMALLEST:

1. muscle

2. fascicles

3. muscle fibers

4. myofibrils

5. myofilaments

in an OIA, which one is stationary/stable, and how do they move

• origin is stationary

• insertion site moves TOWARD the origin site when the muscle contracts

identify a cranial nerve in yellow

t/f

know the OIA of the extensor carpi radialis

O: medial epicondyle of humerus

I: 2nd and 3rd metacarpals

A: flex the hand

t/f

OIA for extensor digitorum longus

O: fibula

I: middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits

A: extends the toes

ogi