mmw midterms

data

quantities and qualities measured or observed that are to be collected and/or analyzed

data set

a collection of data

independent variable

the variable that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the experimenter

dependent variable

the variable that is measured and observed to see how it responds to the change in the independent variable

controlled variables

all other factors in an experiment that must be kept the same to ensure all the results are valid

data presentation

gathered data shall be presented, analyzed and interpreted that can be easily understood by the reader

textual presentation

uses statements with numerals in order to describe the data for the concrete information in expository form

textual presentation

it is to discuss the data and the information and interpretation it carries

tabular presentation

uses statistical table to directly display the quantities or values collected as data

graphical presentation

illustrates data in a form of graphs aiding readers to understand the text easily

graph

most attractive, effective, and convincing way in presenting data

circle graph or pie graph

best used in presenting percentage

bar graph

a specific way of representing data using rectangular bars in which the length of each bar is proportional to the value it represents

bar graph

graphical representation of data using bars of different heights

bar graph

commonly used to represent business data

line graph

connects individual data points that display

pictograph

charts that are used to represent data using icons and images relevant to the data.

key

is often included in a pictograph that indicates what each icon or image represents.

measures of central tendency

It is a single summary value that describes the "middle" or typical value of a dataset.

mean (average), median (middle), mode (frequent)

three main measures of central tendency

mean

mathematical average, calculated by summing all values in a dataset and dividing by the count of those values.

mean

best for continuous data, but can be used for discrete data. it is often influenced by outliers.

median

middle value in a dataset that has been arranged in order, representing the point where 50% of the data falls below it and 50% falls above it.

mode

value that appears most frequently in a dataset, representing the most common or popular choice.

mode

particularly useful for categorical data, such as colors or types of transport, as well as quantitative data with many repeated values

median

divides the set of scores into two equal parts, there are other measures that divide the distribution into one hundred, or ten parts

quartile

are points that divide a distribution into four equal parts.

decile

segments a dataset into 10 equal groups based on value

percentile

a statistical measure that gives the percentage of data values that fall below a given data value

measure of variability

describe the spread of data points in a dataset, showing how much scores differ from one another or from the mean.

range

difference between the maximum and minimum values in a dataset.

interquartile range

is a measure of statistical dispersion that represents the spread of the middle 50% of data, calculated by subtracting the first quartile (Q1) from the third quartile (Q3).

interquartile range

used to understand the variability of a dataset and is a robust statistic, meaning it is less affected by extreme outliers compared to the full data range, making it particularly useful for skewed distributions.

semi interquartile range or quartile deviation

is a measure of statistical dispersion that represents half the difference between the first quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3) of a dataset

semi interquartile range

indicates the spread of the middle 50% of the data and is particularly useful for skewed distributions because it is less affected by extreme values (outliers) compared to the overall range of the dataset

variance

statistical measure of the dispersion of a data set, indicating how far individual data points are spread out from the mean (average) of the data

standard deviation

statistical measure of data dispersion that quantifies the amount of variation in a set of values from its mean.

low standard deviation

data points are clustered tightly around the mean

high standard deviation

indicates the data is spread over a wider range