AP Chemistry Keywords

electronegativity

measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons in a chemical bond

isotope

an atom with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

ionization energy

the minimum energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion in its ground state

isomer

compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms

allotrope

one of two or more different physical forms in which an element can exist

precipitate

solid that forms out of a solution during a chemical reaction (indicating the formation of a new compound)

normal boiling point

temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atm (standard atmospheric pressure)

sublimation

direct phase transition of a substance from the solid state to the gas state

arrhenius acid

a substance that dissociates in water to produce H+ ions (protons)

arrhenius base

a substance that dissociates in water to produce OH- ions (hydroxide ions).

specific heat

amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C

heat of fusion

amount of heat energy required to change 1 gram (or 1 mole) of a substance from the solid state to the liquid state at its melting point (without a change in temperature)

heat of vaporization

amount of heat energy required to change 1 gram (or 1 mole) of a substance from the liquid state to the gaseous state at its boiling point (without a change in temperature)