Hist 106 Exam 1 Review TAMU (Lec 1-6)

The Civil War

Fought over Slavery
750k-1M dead

Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation

Wartime only
Slaves in Confederate states proclaimed free

13th Amendment

Slavery is now illegal

Freedmen's Bureau

A government agency that helped assimilate former slaves into society

America's focus after the Civil War

Reconstruction

Lincoln after the Civil War

To welcome the South back into the Union; to reunite and move forward.
Many disagreed
John Wilkes Booth assassinates Lincoln

President Andrew Johnson

disinterested in former slaves; did the bare minimum

Confederate states after Civil War:

They could only rejoin Union if they ratified the 13 Amendment
They created Black Codes (laws to ensure white dominance) -- African Americans could not vote, own weapons, drink alcohol, mix with whites, etc.

Klu Klux Klan

Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest
Formed to maintain White Supremacy and safeguard southern Christian values

Radical Reconstruction

Republicans (Party of Lincoln) v Democrats (Party of Slavery)
Radical Recon led by Thaddeus Stevens (R)

Civil Rights Act

(1866) anyone born in US was a citizen

14th Amendment

right to Due Process; discrimination on race prohibited
the "male" right to vote (equal citizenship to former slaves)

Reconstruction Act

the South put under military occupation to protect former slaves
Must ratify 14th Amendment & end Black codes in order for military to leave
They did, but AA persecution worsened, so military didn't leave

First president every impeached (charged with a crime)

Andrew Johnson

African American Political Gains

First Senator elected in Mississippi = Hiram Revels & Blanche Bruce
First Lt. Governor elected in Louisiana = P.B.S Pinchback

African American Religion

Baptist = pro-slavery beliefs

1868 Presidential Election

Ulysses S. Grant (R)
shared Lincoln's vision for African Americans
African American votes win him the Presidency
Union army hunts down KKK = pushed underground but not eradicated

Matthew Gaines

Elected to Texas State Legislature
Major push for public education
Still segregated though

Morrill Act

States could apply for land for universities/educational institutions
Land was taken from Native Americans
Universities were segregated (Texas A&M vs Prairie View A&M)

Women's Rights Individuals

Susan B Anthony
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

AERA

American Equal Rights Association
Merged from National Women's Rights Convention & American Anti-Slavery Society

15th Amendment

the right to vote regardless of race (but not gender)

AERA dissolves

Women & AA movements clashed; which was more important?
Anthony/Stanton form the National Women's Suffrage Association
Separated women's rights & AA advocacy; limited to white women

Limits to Reconstruction

Southern economy in ruins
Freedmen's Bureau gave Confederate lands to freedmen = unconstitutional
Former slaves could not obtain land, so were limited to sharecropping system, thus remaining obligated to white landowners and staying in poverty

Sharecropping System

A landlord gives a tenant a portion of land to sell crops from
Used initially for former slaves who had to work on white plantations to make income

End of Reconstruction

Southern military occupation had to end.
Reconstruction was no longer popular.

1876 Presidential Election

Rutherford B Hayes (R) v Samuel Tilden (D)
Both sides claimed victory
Hayes supposedly one by one point

Compromise of 1877

The Democrats would give the Republicans the presidency if they military left the south and promised not to interfere in state matters anymore
Hayes/Reps agree = abandoning former slaves in the South
Makes way for Jim Crow Segregation

Westward Expansion (pre-Civil War)

Didn't happen because of slavery issues (free/slave states)
1840s -- TX annexed, NM, AZ, CA taken from Mexico

Drivers of Westward Expansion

Slavery (new territory)
Resources (minerals, mines)
Rapid Industrialization (railroad expansions)

Westward Expansion Consequences

Expeditions destructive: 15M bison dropped to a few hundred in 30 years)
Native Americans = expansion is encroachment!
Americas = expansion is wealth extraction and adventure!

The Mormons

Church of the Latter Day Saints of Jesus Christ
Founded by Joseph Smith in NY
"God's Chosen People"
A new Jerusalem in America
Mormon "Exceptionalism"
Plural Marriage condemned by other denominations (immoral)
Divided on Slavery
Not received well --- called blasphemous & persecuted = fled West

The Mormons -- Conflict

Joseph Smith killed in Nauvoo, IL (was criticized, declared martial law, ordered newspaper burned down, mob attacked him in response)
Brigham Young became leader; moved to Utah
Mini Mormon War: Young though church would decide leaders/governors, not Utah citizens. Brief war breaks out over this & plural marriage = ends with Popular Sovereignty & Young removed. the Quid Pro Quo: plural marriage legal until 1909 for legal reasons

Westward Expansion (Post-Civil War)

Land Rush: Kansas population 30k -- 500k + Texas population 250k -- 2M
Everyone went West BUT it was Native American land!

The Homestead Act

any male could apply for 160 acres of land West of the Mississippi & it would become their afters 5 years

Indian Removal Policy

Get the Native Americans to move through treaties (although it was bad land)
Native American's who didn't move = intimidated and harassed until they did
US Army eventually used violence to drive them out
Policy deeply unpopular = resulted in the Indian Wars

Dakota Sioux War 1862

Dakota Sioux attacked Minnesota settlers
38 Sioux sentenced to death
Settlers demanded Indians be forced onto "Reservations"

Sand Creek Massacre

Colorado Cheyenne massacred Native Americans while their leader was away negotiating a peace treaty

Board of Indian Commissioners

Established by President Grant
Goal = christianize Native Americans & lift up inferior race (peaceful coercion)
No NA's on the board; only Protestants who wanted Christian assimilation
NA culture/religion different though -- Board's goal failed = violent coercion

Federal Ultimatum 1874

Any tribes who did not move to Reservations were "hostile" and would be hunted down.

Comanche Red River War

Comanche defeated and forced onto Reservations in OK

Red Cloud's War (Sioux)

A victory for NA
Great Sioux Reservation created

The Great Sioux War & Battle of Little Bighorn 1876

Sitting Bull had visions of victory against the US...
LBH: 2500 Sioux v 700 US Cavalry
Leader George Custer didn't think they needed reinforcements (wrong) -- Romanticized like the Alamo
George Custer: controversial, egomaniac, believed NAs were inferior, overly confident

Final Acceptance of Reservations

US Army ruthlessly hunted down Sitting Bull & hostile NA tribes (Navajo, Nez Perce, Comanche, Mahoawk) = all forced onto Reservations

Dawes Allotment Act

basically the Homestead Act for NAs
It individualized tribes and ruined tribal dependence.

Ghost Dance

Prophet Wovoka claimed Indian Messiah created new afterlife & if NAs lived peacefully in this life, they would earn this afterlife
The Ghost Dance became a commonplace ritual amongst the tribes
US Gov worried about the NAs "losing the way" & killing white people = created laws banning the dance & forced Christian conversions
"Kill the Indian, but save the man."

Wounded Knee

Sitting Bull accidentally killed. Ghost Dancers fled, but were caught; weapon goes off, 290 NAs killed (most women & children)
Some Americans celebrated; total extermination of Indians = safety
Some said wanted military campaign to end & leave the Ghost Dancers alone.
NAs endured reservations believing they would have a better life after death.

The First Rodeo

In Peco, TX 1883
Settled disputes -- not entertainment
Redefined American rural masculinity - skill & social standing
Was eventually capitalized on

Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show

Stereotyped Indians, bank robbers, cowboys, and damsels in distress
Highly popular - last chance to see "authentic" Indian culture
Wild West Mythology strengthened by books and movies
Many believed it was real; it wasn't...it was escapism!

The Turner Thesis

Frederick Jackson Turner 1893
Argued that the Frontier fundamentally shaped the American identity
Conquering the Frontier made Americans uniquely tough, resilient, determined, and democratic.
But it was a safety valve-the low educated and criminals were actually making the frontier while everyone else was industrializing the east
Westward expansion now = "civilization"

Bessemer Process

Combined iron & carbon = cheap but strong steel
Revolutionizes the steel industry; kicked off 2nd industrial revolution

Louis Pasteur

Cholera/rabies vaccine

Henri Toussaint

anthrax vaccines

Robert Koch

tuberculosis treatments

Pasteurization

combats harmful bacteria in food so it lasts longer

Effects of New Developments

Deaths from disease decrease
Food quality, lifespans, and populations increase

Werner von Siemens

electrical generator 1967
machines became smaller/complex
sewing machines, irons, refrigerators
London Underground, Paris Metro, New York Subway

Carl Benz

first working automobile 1885

Rudolf Diesel

first diesel engine 1897
petroleum industry increases as a result

Henry Ford

assembly line process 1903

John Dunlap

rubber tire production 1887
the Michelin Company 1990
Michelin Travel Guides (railroads, automobiles, travel!)

Battle of Hampton Roads

1862, ironclads used
changed the face of naval warfare forever

Naval Advancements

1870s: ironclads (coastal going, small)
1880s: pre-deadnoughts/armored cruisers (ocean going, cannons on side)
1892: US Navy first pre-dreadnought USS Texas
1906: HMS Dreadnought (first dreadnought with cannons in rotating turrets)
1896: Holland IV, first submarine

Thomas Edison

Electrical Generators and the Light Bulb 1879
Seen as overly ambitious; promised inventions every ten days & bigger projects every six months
Electricity changed everything; buildings got taller, railroads, factories operate 24 hours a day

Alexander Graham Bell

the Telephone 1876 - Bell Telephone Company (AT&T today)
Initially offered to sell idea to West Union for 100k but no one believed in it

Guglielmo Marconi

the "Wireless" (the Radio)
Radio waves would travel further if antennas were taller (Eiffel Tower)

Kodak Eastman

the Box Brownies (the Camera) 1888
Tourism had increased with postcards → camera makes it easier!

Railroads

29,000 miles of track in 1860
163,562 miles of track in 1890
Carriages, engines, and steel tracks became easier to produce

Scientific Management

Frederick Taylor (Taylorism)
Skilled laborers in short supply - can't meet demand!
Broke down the process into stages with assembly line
Even unskilled workers can do it
More efficient, faster production, cheaper labor costs (lower wages)
Henry Ford adopted Taylorism for car manufacturing

Immigration

Pre-Civil War: German and Irish
Post-Civil War: Italians, Polish, Eastern Europeans

How did immigrants assimilate and how did Americans accommodate it?

Many immigrants banded together in American cities, retaining culture through Immigrant Solidarity - little integrated parts of cities (Little Italy, Chinatown, French Quarter)
A renounced effort to retain culture even if they are willing to change social, economic, and political ways to align with America

Consequences of Immigration & Urbanization

Overcrowding, crime, disease - but the industrial revolution created city parks, schools, and clean drinking water!
American cities got bigger! (800% from 1870-1900)
18 million immigrants came to US from 1870-1900
Increase in Catholicism
Suburbs: changed geography of US by spreading further and further

National Womens' Suffrage Association

popular in cities

Women's Temperance Movement

alcohol was the source of evil and immorality, and needed to be banned

Early Feminist Movements

Increased women's political advocacy: public health, hygiene, schools, drinking water, criticizing political corruption
"Feminism" seen as undermining Masculinity and Christian gender roles

Charlotte Perkins Gilman 1982

The Yellow Newspaper
Women labeled "clinically insane" if they produced any feminist tendencies, opinions, or showed any intelligence
Argued men should have tried harder to suppress women's opinions = Muscular Christianity
Brought about the YMCA, Boy Scouts, "Bodybuilding"

New South Boosters

advocates of investment in the south -- steel, iron, tobacco, textiles, shipbuilding all increased

The "New" South

industrialization invigorated the South; shake off the past of slavery
Post-Civil War -- the South did everything they could to withhold equality from African Americans...the new south looked a lot like the old one

Consequences of Compromise of 1877

Jim Crow Segregation
The "Lost Cause" Mythology
Lynching

The "Lost Cause" Movement

American Civil War = not about slavery
Slaves weren't mistreated, but were happy.
Civil War = a noble lost cause defense of Southern culture and honor
statues commissioned across the south- centered on Robert E. Lee, Stonewall Jackson, Nathan Bedford Forrest

Ladies Memorial Associations: memorialized Confederate dead & veterans (heroes)
Many LMAs merged in 1894 as the Daughters of the American Confederacy

Jim Crow Disenfranchisement

The South wanted the disenfranchisement (prevent or take away) votes of African Americans
But due to the 14th & 15th amendment = AAs right to vote cannot be taken away

Three methods AA voting was made difficult in the South

Poll Tax: tax on a vote
Applied to anyone whose grandfathers were not eligible to vote before the Civil War
Problem: most grandfathers were slaves, AAs too poor to pay tax anyway
Understanding Clauses & Literacy Tests: arbitrary; white = easy questions and blacks = impossible questions
White Primary: only White candidates on the ballot so AAs didn't bother voting

Louisiana voting for AAs

Pre-1877: 94%
1890: 6%

Lynching

Used to terrorize AAs in the South & keep them from challenging Jim Crow Seg.
Frequent punishment for any sexual interaction with a White woman or muder of white man
1880-1950 = ~5,000 lynchings in the US

The Lynching of Sam Hose, 1899

Killed employer in fight over time off - claimed self defense (but he fled the scene)
False rumors that he sexually assaulted the employers wife and child
Mob stormed the jail and lynched Hose; bones sold as souviners
An excuse to clamp down even further on the AA community

The "Waco Horror" 1916

Jesse Washington, 17-year-old: murdered Elizabeth Fryer (white) & rumors of rape
Lynching pre-planned (although illegal)
15,000 traveled to watch
Guilty verdict - Washington lynched outside Waco City Hall

1823 Monroe Doctrine

America opposed European colonization in the Western Hemisphere

American Exceptionalism

1823 John Winthrop's 1630 Sermon - "City upon a Hill"
US was a Christian Nation on God's Chosen Path
US is better than everyone & had a sacred duty to be the best

Manifest Destiny

1845 John O' Sullivan (Dem Admin of James K Polk) → American Christianity should spread (and dominate) across the land
Favored Manifest Destiny to justify expansion and slavery
1845 Republic of Texas annexed (slavery reintroduced)
1846 Oregon annexed
Manifest Destiny for Protestant Whites only

Mexican-American War 1846

Territory between Mexico & American disputed
Polk offered to buy territory from MX for a pitiful price
Mex Pres. Santa Anna sent guards to border to protect MX
Polk sent his men too, hoping MX would fire so they could invade and take the territory by force
That's exactly what happened → ensue the Mexican-American War
War supported by those wanting expansion
MX not annexed because of the Catholic population & non-White race
Treaty of Guadelpue Hidalgo: Polk gets CA, NV, NM, AZ, CO, OK, KS, WY

William McKinley

1866 → William McKinley wins Presidency (Republican)
Believer in trade, commerce, Big Business; expansion will boost trade/business

McKinley Expansion - Hawaii

1840s, settlers arrived (Manifest Destiny)
Hawaiian Monarchy overthrown with "Bayonet Constitution" - replaced with president; only whites could vote
1893 Republic of Hawaii
1897 McKinley annexes Hawaii for trade resources

McKinley Expansion - China

European powers competing for China Trade
US Open Door Policy: all powers should be allowed to trade with China
Boxer Rebellion:
McKinley sends troops to China to fight Boxers (Chinese movement resisting encroachment of outsiders and foreign business)

Origins of the Spanish-American War 1898

Cuban War of Independence
Yellow Journalism
USS Maine explosion
The De Lome Letter

Cuban War of Independence

Cubans fighting Spanish occupation
Spanish General Valeriano Wylar sent to fight Cuban rebels → brutal + concentration camps
Spanish actions in Cuba violated the Monroe Doctrine BUT the American military was tiny...

Yellow Journalism

Media competition between William Randolph Heart's New York Journal & Joseph Pulitzer's New York World
Sensational headlines about Spanish atrocities & called for war with Spain

USS Maine Explosion

USS Maine sent to Havana: explosion kills 261 sailors
Yellow Journalism blamed Spain → 1974, discovered it was an accident

The De Lome Letter

Spanish Ambassador called McKinley "Weak"
McKinley declares war on Spain

Fighting the Spanish-American War

McKinley needed an army very quickly - called for 249k volunteers
He hoped the war would unite the North & South after the Civil War

Smoked Yankees

AAs volunteered hoping to gain equality → caused tension in the South