Qualitative research methods + GT strand

colleges + literatuur

foucouldian discourse analysis

 is a form of discourse analysis, focusing on power relationships in society as expressed through language and practices. 

Wat is het verschil tussen symbolisch interactionisme en phenomenology?

Symbolisch interactionisme gaat meer over betekenis ontstaat tussen mensen, meer aandacht voor sociale structuur.

Phenomenology gaat meer over de beleving van binnenuit. focus op bewustzijn en ervaring

deduction

collecting data in order to test a specific theoretical proposition

induction

where theorizing is based on the content of data generated

etnocentrism

involves making judgements that another cultural community’s ways are immoral, unwise, or inappropriate based on one’s own cultural background without taking into account the meaning and circumstances of events in that community

emic approach

insider perspective, deep understanding of one specific culture. usually by observation and participation

imposed etic approach

outsider perspective, forcing own cultural lens onto another culture. often biased conclusions. Niet rekening houden met andere cultuur

BV: westerse depressie test gebruiken in india

derived etic approach

mixed perspective, best balance, culturally sensitive comparinsons. start local, then create shared universal frameworks.

BV: onderzoeken hoe verschillende culturen “well-being beschrijven”. dan een model maken met gelijkenissen en verschillen

Ontology

Ideas about the social world and how we can go about studying it

Epistemology

Ideas about knowledge and what constitutes evidence

Deficit discourse

praten alsof een groep kinderen minder zijn ontwikkeld, zonder te weten hoe deze ontwikkeling tot stand is gekomen

Collins artikel: wat zijn de redenen waarom theorie in onderzoek zo belangrijk is?

-epistemologische onderbouwing; hoe je denkt over kennis
-keuzes in methogologie
-interpretatie en codering van data
-bewustwording van eigen impliciete aannames
-bijdrage aan betere theoretische ontwikkeling

Collins pleit voor gebruik van theorie, maar geeft daarbij ook mogelijke valkuilen:

-Overreliance op theorie:  Als je te sterk gefixeerd bent op een theoretisch kader, loop je het risico dat je alleen ziet wat in dat kader past — je mist mogelijk nieuwe, onverwachte patronen of betekenissen in de data (emergente bevindingen)
-Verlies van openheid en flexibiliteit: Te strakke theorie-toepassing kan exploratie beperken
-Verklarende beperkingen: Geen enkele theorie is universeel — de kracht en toepasselijkheid van theorieën varieert afhankelijk van fenomenen, context, en onderzoeksdoel

axiology

the role of values in research.

a qualitative researcher ackowledges that research is value-laden and biases are present

ontology in qualitative research

Reality is multiple as seen through many views.  researcher reports different perspectives as themes develop in the findings

epistemology in qualitative research

Subjective evidence from participants.  Researcher relies on quotes as evidence from the participant; collaborates, spends time in field with participants, and becomes an “insider

methodology in qualitative research

 are characterized as inductive, emerging, and shaped by the researcher’s experience in collecting and analyzing the data. The logic that the qualitative researcher follows is inductive, from the ground up, rather than handed down entirely from a theory or from the perspectives of the inquirer

Social constructivism

goal: to rely as much as possible on the participans views. Researchers position themselves. patroon zoeken of theorie ontwikkelen. reality is co-constructed between researcher and researched

postmodernisme/transformative

knowledge claims must be set within the conditions of the world today and in the multiple perspectives of class/race/gender

pragmatism

focus on the outcomes of the research. think we need to stop asking questions about reality, do not see the world as an absolute unity. reality is what works and what is useful. mixed methodes kwanti en kwali

critical theory

are concerned with empowering human beings to transcend the constraints placed on them. onderliggende wetten social life blootleggen

function Philosophical Assumptions and Interpretative Frameworks

Guidance for thinking about reality and knowledge production

function Substantive Theory

Offers a lens to interpret or explain findings

function Operationalisation

Translate theory into research design and data

Autoethnography

 a form of research in which a researcher connects personal experiences to wider cultural, political, and social meanings and understandings

bracketing/ epoche (phenomenology)

discussing personal experiences with the phenomenon, so he can focus on the experiences of the participants.  This does not take the researcher completely out of the study, but it does serve to identify personal experiences with the phenomenon and to partly set them aside

hermeneutic phenomenology

Interpreting the meaning of experience based on context, language, and researcher involvement. enige interpretatie van onderzoeker is normaal

transcendental, or psychological phenomenology

Describing the essence of experience by bracketing the researcher’s interpretations. hier staat bracketing dus centraal

valkuil narrative research

-onderzoeker moet context heel goed begrijpen
-problemen eigen invloed restorying
-je moet heel goed samenwerken met participant

valkuil phenomenology

-participanten vinden die allemaal fenomeen hebben ervaren
-bracketing is moeilijk: nieuwe definitie= suspending our understandings in a reflective move

valkuil GT

-lastig bepalen wanneer saturatie
-theorie zo veel mogelijk opzij zetten want daarmee wil je eindigen

realist etnography

 a traditional approach used by cultural anthropologists. Realist ethnography is an objective account of the situation, typically written in the third-person point of view

valkuil etnography

-time to collect data is extensive
-risk of going native (losing distance)
-sensitivity to the needs of participants, researcher must report his impact
-onderzoeker moet enige kennis hebben over betekenis sociaal-cultureel systeem

Truth value of evidence quali/quanti

-quali: credibility (geloofwaardigheid)
findings are trustworthy and believeble
-techniques; prolonged engagement, data triangulation, member checks

-quanti: Internal validitythe extent ot which observed effects can be attributed to the independent variable

Applicability of evidence quali/quanti

quali: transferability= findings can be transfered in different settings
techniques; thick description, describe context, explain sampling strategy, discuss the findings resonance with existing literature from different settings

quanti: external validity=results can be generalized from sample to population

Consistency of evidence quali/quanti

quali: Dependability = findings are consistent in relation to the contexts in which they are generated
techniques; saturation till no new themes emerge in data collection, iterative data collection & analysis, flexible emergent research design

quanti: reliability (betrouwbaarheid)= results are consistent if study would be replicated

neutrality of evidence quali/quanti

quali: confirmability = findings are based on the studys’ participants & settings instead of researchers biases
techniques; peer debriefing, reflexitivity, search data that disconfirms findings, audit trial= document descions made

quanti: objectivity = personal biased are removed and value free

verschil constructivism & constructionism

constructivism= focused on the individuals understanding of reality

constructionism= focused on knowledge developed with a group of people with a shared understanding

battered data syndrome

geen rekening houden met context. common in positivist paradigm > problem of scientific reductionism

breitskreuz pleit voor combinatie van:

epistemologische reflectie = bewust zijn van aannames

ecologische benaderingen= erkenning van complexiteit van context

verschil evidence based - informed

Evidence based = using something that is effective according to research

Evidence informed: we take in all these findings, we find it important, but we also value the expert expertise of the professionals.

Everything is more evidence informed in social sciences. You always need to adapt something because your working with people

Balancing act

doing justice to authentic context, while describing more general phenomena

GT post-positivist strand

-theoretical explenations
-how reality is
-generelization
-neutral researcher
-delay theoretical review
-inductive
-coding: open, axial, selective
-theory around core category

GT constructivist strand

-theoretical repersentations
-how reality is constructed
-reflexive researcher
-partial generaliztions
-critical. reflexive theoretical review
-abductive
-coding: initial, focused, theoretical
-abstract understanding

quality in constructivist GT

-Credibility: systematic process & reflixive stance
-Originality: new insights
-Resonance: generelizing is not the point, herkenning wel (transferability)
-Usefulness: understanding + foundation for further research/policy

abduction process

eerst inductieve benadering > abstracte ideeën opstellen > constructing the best explenation > test theoretical explenations as hypotheses.

looking for the best explenation (pragmatic)