Anatomy and Physiology Final Review

Anatomy vs. Physiology

Anatomy: Study of body structure

Physiology: Study of body function.

Homeostasis

Cells of body are in environment that allows them to function normally under changing external conditions.

Negative Feedback vs. Positive Feedback

Negative: Works to stabilize or keep variables from going out of wack (ex. water balance, temperature control)

Positive: Works to accelerate until need is gone. (ex. childbirth)

Protein, Lipid, Carbohydrate, and Nucleic Acid

Protein: Building blocks of cells and help maintain tissues, communicate, transport substances, and chemical reactions

Lipid: Provide long-term energy

Carbohydrate: Provide short-term energy

Nucleic Acid: Store and manage heredity

Cell Membrane

Controls what goes in and out of the cell, helps communication, and provides support.

Differentiated/Differentiation

Each has a unique function

ex. Cells in the human body are differentiated; all have specialized functions- differing shapes, sizes, and organelle composition

Simple passive transport

Substances move across cell membrane without the use of energy because it moves WITH the gradient — high to low concentration.

Osmosis

Passage of water through the cell membrane and is a type of passive transport and facilitated diffusion (passive transport)

Facilitated diffusion

Passive transport but with large molecules w/ help of a protein channel.

Active Transport

Substances move across cell membrane with the use of energy/ATP because it moves AGAINST the gradient —- low to high concentration (large and charged)

What Is the body’s overall goal?

To maintain homeostasis for survival and proper functioning; balance internal and external environment, reproduce new life (pass on heredity), and obtain as well as use materials and energy for function.

Pathogen

Any microorganism that can cause disease.

Immune Response

Third line of defense against infection; pathogen is inactivated, killed, and/or engulfed by WBC’s.

Acquired Immunity

Comes after pathogen has been detected; antibodies remember pathogen surface shape to recognize if it invades again.

Inflammatory Response

Second line of defense against infection; can cause swelling, redness, warmth, pain, and even fever in area of infection because of increased blood flow to that area to get WBC to find it.

Antibodies

In blood to remember pathogen surface shape for future invasion of certain pathogens. Have antigens which are what get shape.

Four types of Membranes In the body

Synovial Membrane: Lines joints (and bursa sacs); produce fluid within joint.

Mucous Membrane: Found in respiratory, reproductive, urinary, and digestive tracts, as well as passageways; open to the exterior of body and produce mucus to keep tissues moist.

Serous Membrane: Lines body cavity walls and organs: including the peritoneal, pericardial, and pleural cavities.

Cutaneous Membrane: Skin (Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis); covers body surface

Signs vs. Symptoms

Signs are visible or measurable to help determine infection/sickness

Symptoms are simply how a patient feels, can’t be visibly seen just told.

Vaccines

Injects weakened/dead pathogen into body for antibodies to find and mark to fight off infection in future if it enters system.

What is the function of the immune/integumentary system and how does it achieve this goal in the body?

The bodies primary defense against pathogens, while also regulating temperature, sensing, and healing. Skin and mucus (integumentary) are the physical barriers to block out pathogens, also building immune system with antibodies and WBCs to find invaders. Skin also produces sweat, oil, hair, and senses to help fight against other harms or struggles for the body.

Eggs

Female gamete in ovaries

Sperm

Male gamete in testes

Fertilization

Fusion of sperm and egg cells combining DNA, making a new organism.

Zygote

New cell formed from fertilization.

Spermatogenesis

Process of producing sperm; occurring in testes.

Oogenesis

Production of egg cells; occurring in ovaries.

Semen

Seminal fluid mixed with sperm (in ejaculatory duct)

Ovarian Cycle

Containing the follicular (egg growth) and luteal phase (after ovulation); eggs mature and are released in this cycle. It’s controlled by hormones; FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone. Continues each month hoping for fertilizatio, but just repeats if it doesn't occur.

Ovulation

Release of egg from follicle rupture.

Uterine Cycle

Prepares uterus for pregnancy. Contains three phases: menses, proliferative, and secretory

Menses

Also known as menstruation; endometrial lining dies and sheds via vagina causing menstrual flow.

Menarche

Females first period.

Menopause

End of menstruation (for over a year; between ages 40-50)

Vaginal Birth

Baby exits through vaginal canal.

Cesarean section (C-section)

Uterus is dissected through abdominal wall to get to baby.

What is the function of the reproductive system and how does it achieve this in both the male and female bodies?

Function of the reproductive system is to continue the human species with producing offspring/create new life. It does this in both bodies by creating and delivering sex cells (sperm/eggs) and then growing developing fetus in female body to grow.

Cell respiration

Creates energy for cells by the oxygen we breathe in as a reactant with glucose to produce carbon dioxide (to release), water, and ATP.

Blood pressure

Force of blood flow through your blood vessels measured by systolic pressure (top; max pressure heart experts in a beat) and diastolic pressure (bottom; amount of pressure between beats.\)

Hematopoiesis

Production of all blood cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) occurring (primarily) in bone marrow.

Red Blood Cells

Carry oxygen from lungs to tissues; carry carbon dioxide from tissues to lungs.

White Blood Cells

Defend body from pathogens and remove water of material and cells.

Platelets/thrombocytes

There for clotting blood as needed.

Plasma

Liquid portion of blood containing mostly water but also proteins and solutes.

Oxygen

Breathe in for cellular respiration giving body energy and gas exchange to breathe out carbon dioxide.

Gas Exchange

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood, capillaries and alveolus; high concentration of oxygen in alveolus passes through capillaries into low concentration in blood and high concentration of carbon dioxide in blood moves through capillaries into low concentration in alveolus and out.

Arteries

Carry blood AWAY from the heart

Veins

Carry blood TOWARD heart from tissues

Capillaries

Vessels leading to individual cells

What is the function of the circulatory and respiratory system and how do they work together to achieve this goal?

Work together to supply oxygen to cells (for energy and function) and remove carbon dioxide. The respiratory system brings in oxygen and takes out carbon dioxide through your lungs which then take oxygen into the blood to be delivered to the circulatory system, which is also the heart and vessels to then deliver oxygen to tissues for energy and cellular respiration.

Abnoraml cells grow uncontrollably, ignoring signals; many different kinds in different systems.

Cancer

When the immune system, which usually fights germs, mistakenly attacks healthy body tissue; different types.

Autoimmue Disease

Immune system reacts to something harmless. Can be severe which can be life-threatening happening very quickly to whole body.

Allergies

Inflammation of the skin causing redness, itching, dryness, and rashes.

Dermatitis

Invasion and multiplication of disease-causing germs (bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.) in body triggering an immune response and potential illness.

Infection

Unable to get and keep an erection firm enough for sexual activity.

Erectile dysfunction

When spermatic cord twists, cutting off blood supply to testes causing severe pain and swelling.

Testicular torsion

Pregnancy condition after 20 weeks that can harm the mother and body, if untreated, can turn into eclampsia and be life-threatening.

Pre-eclampsia

Chronic disease where tissue similar to the endometrium grows outside of uterus.

Endometriosis

Unexpected ending of a pregnancy in first 20 weeks.

Miscarriage

Hormonal disorder in women of reproductive age with an excess of male hormones causing irregular periods and polycystic ovaries (small cysts).

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)

Blood lacks a proper amount of healthy red blood cells (hemoglobin) causing a lack of oxygen in body.

Anemia

Temporary stoppage of breathing, ranging from a few seconds to minutes, often occurring during sleep and causes pauses in airflow.

Apnea

Condition where airways are inflamed and filled with mucus causing difficulty breathing.

Asthma

Flow of blood to heart that brings oxygen is suddenly blocked.

Heart Attack

Irregular heart rhythm specifically caused by issues with atrium.

Atrial fibrillation (AFib)

Ballooning or bulge in weakened artery wall risking rupture, bleeding, stroke, and even death.

Aneurysm

Infection causing air sacs in lungs to become inflamed and filled with fluid.

Pneumonia

Referring to head

Cephalic

Referring to forehead.

Frontal

Referring to back of head.

Occipital

Referring to nose.

Nasal

Referring to mouth.

Oral

Referring to neck.

Cervical

Referring to abdomen

Abdominal

Referring to wrist

Carpal

Referring to fingers and toes.

Digital(s)

Referring to ankle.

Tarsal

Referring to foot.

Pedal

Referring to breast

Thoracic

Referring to upper middle back.

Vertebral

Referring to lower back.

Lumbar

Referring to thigh.

Femoral

Referring to shoulder blade

Scapular

Referring to genitals.

Pubic

Referring to butt

Gluteal

Referring to knee

Patellar