Period 5 Review Sheet (1844-1877) Flashcards

This set of flashcards covers key concepts and terms from the period of 1844 to 1877, focusing on important movements, events, and social changes leading up to and following the Civil War.

Reasons for westward migration include __, __, and __.

Manifest Destiny; Access to natural and mineral resources; economic opportunities for settlers.

The goal of the Nativist Movement was to limit the power and cultural influence of and immigrants.

Irish; German.

The Free Soil Movement sought to keep __ from expanding into newly acquired territories.

slavery.

Abolitionists campaigned against slavery using arguments, assisting slaves' escapes through , and using __.

moral; Underground Railroad; violence.

The Compromise of 1850 included sovereignty in the territory and banned in Washington D.C.

popular; slave trade.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act overturned the __ Compromise by introducing popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska.

Missouri.

The Dred Scott Decision stated that slaves were and Congress could not legislate in the territories.

property; slavery.

Initially, Lincoln viewed the Civil War as a means of preserving the __, but later sought to end __.

union; slavery.

The Union prevailed in the Civil War due to better leadership, key victories at and , and greater resources.

Gettysburg; Antietam.

The 13th Amendment abolished __, the 14th Amendment granted __, and the 15th Amendment established __ for men.

slavery; citizenship and equal protection; suffrage.

The Annexation of Texas occurred in __.

1845.

The Mexican-American War took place from to .

1845; 1848.

The Seneca Falls Convention was held in __.

1848.

The __ Act of 1850 was a response to the land gained from the Mexican Cession and involved the fugitive slave law.

Compromise.

was a key victory for the Union in 1863, alongside the victory at Antietam.

Gettysburg.

The North's industrial power led to an increased population growth in the __ compared to the South.

North.

The Wilmot Proviso sought to ban __ in any territory acquired from Mexico.

slavery.

Transient laborers arriving in the North included many __ who settled in cities.

Irish immigrants.

The Civil War lasted from to .

1861; 1865.

The 15th Amendment granted __ to all adult males regardless of race.

universal suffrage.

In reaction to the Compromise of 1850, __ Kansas was a violent confrontation between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers.

Bleeding.

After the Civil War, the US entered a Reconstruction period that lasted until __.

1877.

Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation was issued in __.

1863.

The Compromise of 1877 marked the end of __.

Reconstruction.

The __ Bill was a response to the national conflict over labor conditions and rights during industrialization.

Morrill Tariff.

Key victors of the Civil War including Generals and led the Union Army to success.

Grant; Sherman.

The __ was a fierce anti-immigrant group that emerged in the 1850s.

Know-Nothing Party.

The __ Act of 1862 encouraged settlement in the West by providing land and resources to settlers.

Homestead.

The battle at __ was a significant turning point for the Union in the Civil War, proving to be a morale booster.

Gettysburg.

The 14th Amendment was designed to grant to those born or naturalized in the US.

citizenship.

The __ decision concluded that Congress could not ban slavery in the territories, heightening tensions before the Civil War.

Dred Scott.

Tensions increased in the government relating to territorial disputes and __.

slavery.

The __ proposed allowing territories to decide for themselves whether to allow slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act.

The underground network assisting runaway slaves was known as the __ Railroad.

Underground.

By the 1870s, the political will for __ in the South had diminished significantly.

Reconstruction.

The __ Acts of 1867 established procedures for re-admitting states into the Union after the Civil War.

Reconstruction.

The __ Law was designed to strongly penalize runaway slaves after the Compromise of 1850.

Fugitive Slave.

Political tensions were exacerbated by sectional divides between and interests.

Northern; Southern.

The __ was enacted in 1882, prohibiting immigration of a certain nationality from coming to America.

Chinese Exclusion Act.

The __ Revolution transformed economic production in the United States during this period.

Market.

Freed slaves often faced a new series of restrictions known as __ laws in Southern states post-Civil War.

Black Codes.

The abolition of slavery was confirmed by the __ in 1865.

13th Amendment.

The __ provided for a process of admitting new states into the Union and banned slavery in new territories.

Northwest Ordinance.

Key debates surrounding the __ of 1850 included provisions pertaining to popular sovereignty and fugitive slave laws.

Compromise.

The __ decision in 1857 denied citizenship to African Americans, worsening sectional conflicts across the nation.

Dred Scott.

Incremental gains in freedom were often countered by strong segments advocating for the preservation of __ after the war.

slavery.

Tensions peaked during the __ Crisis, where South Carolina declared tariffs null and void.

Nullification.

The __ Party emerged as a response to the expanding power of slavery and nativist sentiments.

Republican.

__ tensions were highlighted by violent confrontations like 'Bleeding Kansas' as rivals clashed over new territories.

Sectional.

The __ Proclamation effectively changed the Civil War from a fight to preserve the Union to a fight for emancipation.

Emancipation.

The Union's successful strategy included the implementation of the __ Plan, designed to isolate the South economically.

Anaconda.

The __ movement articulated the theory that slavery was a 'positive good' for Southern society.

Southern.

The __ Act of 1820 was initially meant to maintain a balance between slave and free states.

Missouri Compromise.

Debates during this time frequently included the issue of __, which was wracked by sectionalism after gaining new territories from Mexico.

slavery.

The __ Rights Movement saw both free and enslaved blacks advocating for their full rights during the latter half of the century.

Civil.

One of the most important conditions during Reconstruction was the challenge of effectively integrating __ citizens into public life.

African American.

By the late 1870s, the government withdrew military enforcement in Southern states, ending __ once and for all.

Reconstruction.

The population shift during the __ was marked by migration towards the West seeking opportunity and land.

Manifest Destiny.

The Union showed tremendous economic advantage due to its larger __ and supply chains supplying the war effort.

industrial base.

The __ of 1870 increased political tensions by limiting rights and privileges previously afforded to blacks.

Jim Crow laws.

The 19th-century phenomenon of women gathering to advocate for their rights culminated in events like the __ Convention.

Seneca Falls.

African Americans took part in the war, contributing to the Union effort in many __.

regiments.

Challenges faced during Reconstruction included instituting reforms and battling systemic __ efforts.

resistance.

The __ Laws were enforced to maintain white supremacy through voter suppression after the Civil War.

Jim Crow.

The __ movement sought to address the social challenges emerging from rapid industrialization during this period.

Progressive.

The __ included efforts by former soldiers to restore the South’s economy and political climate while maintaining white dominance.

Redeemers.

__ was a major strike that occurred as a response to wage cuts during the industrial era.

Pullman Strike.

The __ Proclamation freed slaves in the Confederate states as a direct military strategy.

Emancipation.

The events of the Civil War revealed the __ opinion foreseen by Southern leaders leading to dramatic shifts in society and politics.

northern.

After conflict resolution, newly gained territories sparked debates around __, leading to several political compromises.

slavery.

The first women's rights convention held in 1848, known as the __, focused on social reforms.

Seneca Falls Convention.

Political upheaval during this period was shaped by the and system, breaking apart existing party loyalties and realigning support.

two-party; party.

Many Americans faced challenges by reconciling their beliefs in freedom with the harsh realities of __.

slavery.

The 14th Amendment aims to ensure equality providing all citizens with __ against discrimination.

protection.

The __ of 1877 ultimately ended federal efforts to stabilize the region.

Compromise.

Amid the backdrop of a burgeoning nation was the fierce political landscape characterized by __ and debates regarding the use of federal power.

sectionalism.

Disenfranchisement of African Americans in the post-war South was achieved through various discriminatory practices, most notably __ tests and poll taxes.

literacy.

The establishment of __ in 1867 aimed to help rebuild the nation’s bridges towards lasting unity.

Reconstruction.

In reaction to sectional divisions, the __ Act aimed to ensure civil rights for formerly enslaved individuals in the South as a primary focus of the Republican agenda.

Civil Rights.

What was the significance of the Louisiana Purchase?

It doubled the size of the United States and opened up land for westward expansion.

What was the main objective of the Lewis and Clark Expedition?

To explore the newly acquired lands of the Louisiana Purchase and find a route to the Pacific Ocean.

What was Manifest Destiny?

The belief that the expansion of the U.S. across the American continents was both justified and inevitable.

What economic opportunities drove settlers westward?

Farming, mining, and cattle ranching.

What was the Homestead Act of 1862?

It provided land to settlers for a small fee, provided they improve the land.

Who were the primary groups involved in the Gold Rush of the mid-1800s?

Prospectors, immigrants, and settlers.

What were the impacts of the transcontinental railroad on westward expansion?

It facilitated travel and trade, helped settle the West, and displaced Native American tribes.

What challenges did settlers face on the Great Plains?

Harsh weather conditions, lack of water, and conflicts with Native Americans.

What was the Indian Removal Act of 1830?

A law that allowed the forced removal of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands.

What was the significance of the Trail of Tears?

It symbolized the suffering and displacement of Native American tribes due to westward expansion.

How did the U.S. government justify the treatment of Native Americans during westward expansion?

They claimed it was their Manifest Destiny to occupy and utilize the land.

What role did the Oregon Trail play in westward migration?

It was a major route that settlers used to travel to the Oregon Territory.

What was the Compromise of 1850?

A series of laws aimed at resolving the territorial and slavery issues arising from the Mexican-American War.

What was the significance of the underground railroad?

It was a network of secret routes and safe houses that helped enslaved African Americans escape to freedom.

Who was Harriet Tubman?

An abolitionist and key figure in the underground railroad who helped many enslaved individuals escape to freedom.

What was the significance of the Wilmot Proviso?

It aimed to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico, igniting debates over slavery.

What caused tensions between the North and South leading to the Civil War?

Disagreements over slavery and states' rights.

What was the significance of the Battle of Antietam?

It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history and led to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.

What was the Emancipation Proclamation?

An order issued by President Lincoln freeing the slaves in the Confederate states.

What was the aim of the Freedmen's Bureau?

To assist formerly enslaved people in transitioning to freedom by providing them with education, healthcare, and legal assistance.

What did the 14th Amendment achieve?

It granted citizenship and equal protection under the law to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.