Anatomy and Physiology Chemistry Book

a chemical element is...

the simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties

How many naturally occurring elements are there on earth? How many play normal roles in humans?

91
24

What elements take up 98.5% of the body's weight?

Oxygen (O) 65%
Carbon (C) 18%
Hydrogen (H) 10%
Nitrogen (N) 3%
Calcium (Ca) 1.5%
Phosphors (P) 1%

What elements take up 0.8% of body's weight

Sulfur (S) .25%
Potassium (K) .20%
Sodium (Na) .15%
Chlorine (Cl) .15%
Magnesium (Mg) .05%
Iron (Fe) .006%

What elements take up 0.7% of body's weight

Chromium (Cr)
Cobalt (Co)
Copper (Cu)
Fluorine (F)
Iodine (I)
Manganese (Mn)
Molybdenum (Mo)
Selenium (Se)
Silicon (Si)
Tin (Sn)
Vanadium (V)
Zinc (Zn)

What are the elements that take up 0.7% of weight known as

trace elements

Define minerals

substances extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain to humans and other organisms

How much weight do Minerals count as in the body

4%

What minerals count as three quarters of the 4%

Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorus (P)

What other minerals constitute the weight for the 4%

Chlorine (Cl)
Magnesium (Mg)
Potassium (K)
Sodium (Na)
Sulfur (S)

What do minerals contribute significantly to

body structure

each chemical is composed of a unique type of...

atom

what are the electrons called that are in the outermost shell

valence electrons

what function does a valence electron have

determines the formation of chemical bonds

All elements have two or more varieties called...

isotopes

What makes elements differ from each other

number of neutrons

What is the decay of unstable isotopes by giving off radiation called

radioactivity

what are the unstable isotopes called

radioisotopes

radioactivity is a form of

ionizing radiation (UV radiation, X-rays)

Ionizing radiation can be damaging because

it can cause cancer, birth defects, or immediate death

Ionizing radiation can be beneficial in controlled settings like

radiography, PET scans, and cancer radiation therapy

Define ions

charged particles with unequal number of protons and electrons

What is the process of ionization

electrons transferring from one to the other and turn both of them into ions

anion

a negatively charged ion

cation

a positively charged ion

Ions with ___ charges are strongly ____ to each other and unite in ____ bonds.

opposite

attracted

ionic

Define Electrolytes

A salt that ionizes in water and produces a solution that conducts electricity

What is electrolytes important for

chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, and electrical effects

______ balance is on of the most important considerations in patient care

Electrolyte

Define free radicals

A particle derived from an atom or molecule, having an unpaired electron that makes it highly reactive and destructive to cells;

What do antioxidants do to free radicals

neutralize and limit their destruction

How do molecules form

two or more atoms are united by a chemical bond

Define compound

molecules composed of two or more different elements

How are molecules represented

molecular formulae

Define isomers

molecules with identical formulae but different arrangements

ionic bond

a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion

describe ionic bond

weak
easily dissociate (break up)

Covalent bond

a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

nonpolar covalent bond

electrons spend equal time around each nucleus

polar covalent bond

shared electrons spend more time orbiting one nucleus. They lend their negative charge where the spend most time

hydrogen bond

A weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom on one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom on another molecule

single covalent

sharing one electron pair

double covalent

sharing two electron pairs

what easily disrupts an ionic bond

water

What is the strongest chemical bond

nonpolar covalent

What is the weakest chemical bond

hydrogen bond

What percent of our bodies is water

50% to 75%

What is the universal solvent

water

substances that dissolve are

solutes

hydrophilic

having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water

hydrophobic

lacking affinity for water; tending to repel and not absorb water; tending not to dissolve in or mix with or be wetted by water

Functions of water

Universal solvent
Adhesion
Cohesion
thermal stability
chemical reactivity

adhesion

tendency to cling to other substances

cohesion

attraction of its molecules to each other

thermal stability

resistance to temperature change

chemical reactivity

ability to participate in chemical reactions

concentration

how much solute is present in a given volume of water

acid

A proton (H+) donor; a chemical that releases protons into solution

base

A chemical that binds protons from solution; a proton acceptor.

Acidity is expressed in terms of...

pH

Describe pH scale

0.0-14.0
pH 7.0- neutral
pH below 7- acidic
pH greater 7- basic (alkaline)

organic compound

any compound of carbon and another element or a radical

organic chemistry

the chemistry of compounds containing carbon

biochemistry

subdiscipline of organic chemistry that relates organic compounds to the processes of life

4 organic molecules of life

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

macromolecule

any very large complex molecule; carbon forming chains

polymers

A molecule that consists of a long chain of identical or similar subunits, such as protein, DNA, or starch.

monomers

One of the identical or similar subunits of a larger molecule in the dimer to polymer range; for example, the glucose monomers of starch, the amino acids of a protein, or the nucleotides of DNA.

Living cells use a process called ____ ____ to join monomers together to form polymers

dehydration synthesis

Describe process of dehydration synthesis

remove hydrogen (-H) from one monomer and a hydroxyl group (-OH) from another, producing water as a by-product. Two monomers become joined by a covalent bond. This is repeated for each monomer added to the chain

hydrolysis

A chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond in a molecule by adding an —OH group to one side of the bond and —H to the other side, thus consuming a water molecule.

Carbohydrates

A hydrophilic organic compound composed of carbon and a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen; includes sugars, starch, glycogen, and cellulose.

what are the simplest carbohydrates

monosaccharides, simple sugars

examples of monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, and galactose

Disaccharides

A carbohydrate composed of two simple sugars (monosaccharides) covalently bonded together;

examples of disaccharides

lactose, sucrose, and maltose

Polysaccarides

A polymer of simple sugars

examples of polysaccharides

glycogen, starch, and cellulose

Glycogen

an energy-storage polysaccharide.

Glucose

blood sugar- energy source for most cells

Galactose

converted to glucose

Fructose

converted to glucose

Sucrose

Cane Sugar- digested to glucose and fructose

Lactose

Milk sugar- digested to glucose and galactose; important in infant nutrition

maltose

Malt sugar- product of starch digestion, further digested to glucose

cellulose

structural polysaccharide of plants; dietary fiber

Starch

Energy storage in plant cells; dietary source of energy for humans

Glycogen

energy storage in animal cells (liver, muscle, uterus)

Lipids

A hydrophobic organic compound composed mainly of carbon and a high ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

Triglycerides Functions

Energy storage; thermal insulation; filling space; binding organs together; cushioning organs

Fatty acid functions

precursor of triglycerides; source of energy

phospholipids function

major component of cell membranes

cholesterol function

component of cell membranes; precursor of other steroids

steroid hormones

chemical messengers between cells

bile acids

steroids that aid in fat digestion and nutrient absorption

Triglycerides are called ___ if solid and ___ if liquid

fats

oils

saturated fatty acid

a fatty acid whose carbon chain cannot absorb any more hydrogen atoms; found chiefly in animal fats

unsaturated fatty acid

a fatty acid whose carbon chain can absorb additional hydrogen atoms

polyunsaturated fatty acid

an unsaturated fatty acid whose carbon chain has more than one double or triple valence bond per molecule

difference between triglycerides and phospholipids

phospholipids have a phosphate group instead of one fatty acid