HTHS 1120 Module 5 Diabetes

Endocrine functions of pancreas

insulin and glucagon production

Exocrine functions of pancreas

digestive enzyme production

Beta Cells

insulin producing cells of the pancreas

Alpha cells

glucagon producing cells of the pancreas

Glucagon

hormone that raises blood glucose

Insulin

hormone that lowers blood glucose

Normal blood pH

7.35-7.45

Alkaline blood pH

7.50

Acidic blood pH

7.30

organomegaly

enlargement of visceral organs

hypoglycemia

low blood glucose

hyperglycemia

high blood glucose

insulin

hormone that lowers blood glucose

hypertension

high blood pressure

hypotension

low blood pressure

hypoglycemia symptoms

anxiety, confusion, seizure, sweating

hyperglycemia symptoms

increased urination, thirst, hunger

Joe gave too much insulin at lunch for the amount of food he ate. What condition may result from this?

hypoglycemia

Arterial Blood Gases

pH, O2, CO2, HCO3

blood glucose test

most useful test in diagnosing type 1 diabetes

electrolytes

Na, K, Cl, HCO3

blood pressure

measures the maximum and minimum forces from the heart on blood vessels

urine ketones

Present in diabetic ketoacidosis

chemical tests used to diagnose kidney function

BUN, creatinine

Systolic blood pressure

maximum force on blood vessels from a pumping heart

Diastolic blood pressure

minimum force on blood vessels from a resting heart

As a physician, which of the following treatment protocols would be the most successful in treating type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Diet, exercise, frequent blood testing, and insulin therapy

Dietician

Develop a meal plan that reflects the eating habits of the planet

Pediatrician

Physician that treats children and is often the first physician consulted with a child with type 1 diabetes

Endocrinologist

Specialist in diagnosing and treating hormone disorders

Nurse educator

teaches families about diabetes care

Social worker

Teaches coping skills to the patient and family

clinical laboratory scientist

Performs blood and urine testing

respiratory therapist

Responsible for arterial blood gas testing

nurse

administers intravenous solutions and medications for hospitalized patients

3 functions of the kidneys

a. Filter blood to remove waste products and help maintain substances necessary to the blood.
b. Help control blood pressure
c. Synthesize vitamin D

What are some substances detected by a urinalysis?

Cells including RBC's and WBC's
Bacteria
Chemicals including glucose
pH
concentration

What 2 methods are used when performing a urinalysis?

Urine dipstick
Microscopic exam

Electrolytes abnormalities

Sodium. Dehydration, heart or kidney abnormalities.
Potassium. Vomiting or diarrhea. Increased in kidney failure.
Chloride. Abnormal changes occur with changes in sodium level.
Bicarbonate. Changes with problems in acid/base balance.

Why would a physician order an ABG?

to detect changes in the patient's acid-base balance in the blood, can detect respiratory conditions or disease, kidney function (metabolic), and to monitor oxygen therapy

type of blood used for ABG

Arterial, contains oxygenated blood

Untreated high blood pressure may lead to what diseases?

Heart disease, kidney disease, stroke

Why do individuals with untreated type I diabetes go into a state of ketoacidosis?

Insulin need glucose to enter cells, when cells don't receive energy from carbohydrate breakdown, body breaks down fat as a secondary energy source, releasing ketone bodies, making blood acidic

What are common symptoms of DKA?

frequent urination and thirst, weight loss, increased appetite, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, muscle stiffness, mental stupor, hyperventilation, fruity breath

What is the most common cause of diabetes in children?

Destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas by the body's own immune system

diabetes symptoms

Excessive thirst, frequent urination, weight loss

What is the cause of each symptom?

Cells cannot get glucose, glucose levels rise in the bloodstream because it is not transported into the cells. The kidneys flush extra water out, trying to get rid of the excess glucose. This causes dehydration, excessive urination, and excessive thirst. the body breaks down fat stores for energy and weight loss occurs.

How is diabetes diagnosed?

Increased glucose levels in the blood and urine. Ketone bodies are present in the urine in cases of diabetic ketoacidosis.

In what ways is a nurse educator different than a traditional registered nurse?

A nurse educator specializes in nursing education. Typically a nurse educator has a masters or doctorate degree.

What type of patient would an endocrinologist treat?

patients with diseases that affect hormone-producing glands

Where is the pancreas located?

curve of duodenum (first part of Small Intestine)