Module 1 (part 1) History of immunology

Immunology

It is defined as the study of a host’s reactions when a foreign substances are introduced into the body

Serology

It is the study of serum and other bodily fluids to detect and measure antibodies or anti gens in the blood

Immunity

It is the sum total of the defense mechanisms of the human body to resist infectious disease

Natural

Adaptive

What is the two types of immunity

Thucydides or Thukydides

He created a detailed account on the identification if the diseases

Athenian plague

Plague of Athens

Attican Pest

Peloponnesian War

Thucydides/ Thukydides described —, —, —, during the —

Yi mao

Use of clothes

Gan Miao/mao

Intradermal

Shi Miao/ Mao

Topical

Variolation

Method of immunizing patients against smallpox (variola virus) by infecting them with the substance from the pustules of patient with a mild form of the disease (variola minor)

JOHAN CHRISTIAN FABRICIUS AND GIROLAMO

FABRIZIO (HIERONYMUS FABRICIUS)

Bursa of Fabricius

• found in avians (chicken, birds)

• Antibody-generating organ

Johann Conrad Peyer

First to identify follicular aggregates in the mucosa of the small intestine (Peyer's patches)

Peyer’s patches

Acts as a first line of defense against dietary antigens

BRUCE GLICK AND TIMOTHY CHANG

Solidified bursa of fabricius

Reported that the BOF has a key role in antibody prod

Lady Mary Wortley Montague

Introduced variolation in England.

Edward Jenner

He was the one who studied about “an inquiry into the causes and effects of the Variolae Vacciniae”

“An inquiry into the causes and effects of the Variolae Vacciniae”

What did Edward jenner studied

Sarah Nelmes

James Phipps

Who are the two people that contributed to the development of small pox vaccine due to being infeccted with cowpox and smallpox

Variolae Vacciniae

This is where the word vaccination came from

Theodore schwann

one of the first to contribute to the germ theory of alcoholic fermentation And the cell theory

Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle

He was tho one who introduced the microorganism theory of contagion and stated that diseases came from miasma or bad air

“ on miasmas and contagions and on the Miasmatic-contagious diseases”

Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle studied what

Ernst Haeckel

He is the first to observe the process of phagocytosis

Joseph Lister

Phenol of Carbolic Acid

He is the founder of asceptic medicine specifically ——

Robert Koch

He is known as the Father of Modern Bacteriology

Robert Koch

He was the first on to discover the causative agents of Tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax

He first demonstrated that microbes can cause disease

He discovered the delayed type hypersensitivity ( DTH) reaction

The microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease

The pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease wheninoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal.

The pathogen must be re-isolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen.

Enumerate the Koch’s Postulates

Paul Ehrlich

He created the side chain theory

Paul ehrlich

Postulated that certain cells had specific surface receptors for antigen

Louis Pasteur

He is the father of immunology

Louis Pasteur

He solidified the significance of attenuation in immunology by using vaccines against chicken, cholera, anthrax and rabies. Healso also created the germ theory of disease

Elie Metchnikoff or Ilya Ilich Mechnikov

He was the one who created the cellular (phagocytic) theory of immunity

PIERRE-PAUL-ÉMILE ROUX AND ALEXANDRE YERSIN

Contributed in the identification of the toxin causing the signs and symptoms of diptheria (Diptheria bacillus)

GEORGE HENRY FALKINER NUTTALL

Blood chemistry: Life under aseptic conditions Immunity associated with blood (defibrinated blood had bactericidal effects)

Emil Adolf von Behring and Kitasato Shibasaburo

They are the one who introduced serum therapy or humoral theory of immunity

EMIL ADOLF VON BEHRING AND KITASATO SHIBASABURO

Used Serum from immunized horses as a form of cure or to prevent diphtheria and discovered antibody activity against toxins (antitoxins)

William Coley

He is the father of immunotherapy

William coley

He was the one who studied that the immune system could be stimulated to fight and ultimately shrink a tumor

Coley’s toxin

Streptococcus pyogenes

Sirratia marcescens

it is developed by william coley and is made up of — and — to stimulate the immune system to fight cancer

Richard Friedrich Johannes Pfeiffer

He was lauded for his work on the phenomenon of bacteriolysis

Pfeiffer Phenomenon or Isayev- Pfeiffer Phenomenon

Immunized guinea pigs had no ill effects after being injected with live cholera bacteria.

The immune plasma stays motionless and lysed bacterial cells

Jules Bordet

Alexine of Buchner

Complement

Substance Sensibilatrice

Antibodies

He is known for this work on antimicrobial sera, —, which is now called as a — and — which is now called as a —

Substance Sensibilatrice= sensitization

Alexine of Buchner= lytic activity

What are the two factors for immunization according to Jules Bordet

Karl Landsteiner

He classified human blood into groups , A, B, AB, and O (ABO blood group system)

Alexander Weiner

Together with Landsteiner, he discovered the Rh factor

Haptens

Means to fasten

Paul Jules Portier and Charles Robert Richet

Portugese Man o’ War

Actinia sp.

They discovered that toxins produced by cnidarians (—,—) can induce fatal shocks

Anaphylaxisa

Fatal shocks meaning

ALMWORTH EDWARD WRIGHT

Credited for his work in advancing vaccination through autogenous or autologous vaccines and anti-typhoid immunization.

ALMWORTH EDWARD WRIGHT

Contributed in the study of opsonins (aids in phagocytosis)

Nicolas Maurice Arthus

arthus reaction

He discovered a type of local type III hypersensitivity reaction and called it —

Arthus reaction

Horse serum is injected subcutaneously into rabbits

Clemens Peter Freiherr von Pirquet ( Baron von pirquet)

He observed that the second injection has quicker and severe reactions and called it —

Serum sickness

Antibody formation

Collection of symptoms from injection was termed as —

Symptoms=

Bela Schick

Together with von parquet, coined the term “allergy”

Bela Schick

Schick test

Developed a diptheria susceptibility test and called it

Carl Prausnit- Giles & Heinz Ku[**]stner

Studied cutaneous allergic reaction and uses reagin (IgE antibodies)

Prausnitz-Ku[**]stner test

Wheal and flare

Determine if a patient has an allergic reaction to a specific antigen

A positive patients will show — and —

Alexander Flemming

Credited for his discovery of lysozyme (tissue and

secretions) and penicillin (Penicillium rubens or

Penicillium chrysogenum).

John Marrack

Described the lattice formation of antigen-antibody complexes. (agglutination)

Proposed that antigens are multivalent and antibodies are bivalent

Jules Freund

Credited for developing a technique in enhancing immune responses using adjuvants

Adjuvant

Increase the efficacy of potency of certain drugs

Freund’s complete adjurant= tuberculous

Adiuvare

To help

Adjuvant came from latin word — which means

Peter Medawar

He is the father of transplantation or transplant medicine and is commended for his work on allograft rejection. (Skin grafts). During WWII

Merrill Chase

Discovered the second leg of the immune system,

cellular mediated immunity.

Disproving that antibodies alone defended the body

from disease causing entities

GEORGE SNELL, JEAN-BAPTISTE-GABRIEL-JOACHIM DAUSSET, AND BARUJ BENACERRAF

Commended for their work and study of major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs), particularly the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system in humans.

ASTRID ELSA FAGRAEUS-WALLBOM

Her assertation, Antibody Production in relation to the Development of Plasma Cells" proved that plasma cells produce antibodies (IgG).

Antibodies are the only produced not produced in the liver

JAMES RILEY AND GEOFFREY WEST

Both identified that histamine is produced by mast

cells

Sir Peter Medawar

He is commended for this work on allograft rejection during WWII

Niels Jerne

He is known for three theories that challenged views on the development of antibodies

Theory of natural selection

Second theory

Network theory

What are the theory of niels Jerne

FRANK MACFARLANE BURNET

Discovered acquired immunological tolerance, the founding principle of tissue transplant, which landed him a Nobel Prize in 1960.

Clonal Selection Theory

ALICK ISAACS AND JEAN LINDENMANN

Co-discovered interferon through their research at the National Institute of Medical Research, London, UK

JACQUES FRANCIS ALBERT PIERRE MILLER

Credited for this discovery of the function of the thymus and the identification of two (2) subsets of lymphocytes (T and B cells) in mammals.

1) all antibodies are formed during fetal development

2)Sought to explain how the immune system

distinguishes "self" from non-self"

Cellular "learning" takes place in the thymu

-lymphocytes to self-antigens = Suppressed

-lymphocytes to non-self antigens = Further

develop and multiply

3) cascade broadens the diversity of the

antibody population

State the 3 theories of niels Jerne

Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter

Discovered the chemical structure of antibodies

GEORGES KOHLER AND CÉSAR MILSTEIN

Together with Dr. Jerne, they were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies.

Tonegawa Susumu

Credited for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity

ELVIN ABRAHAM KABAT

studied embryonic-state-specific antigens and markers of white blood cells.

Primarily credited for discovering the structural and genetic basis for the specificity of antibodies.

Proved that antibodies are gamma globulins

MAX VON GRUBER AND HERBERT DURHAM

Discovered agglutination reactions Specific antibodies adhere to specific antigens

GEORGES-FERNAND WIDAL

Discovered the agglutination test for typhoid fever

using Salmonella sp. somatic and flagellar antigens

RUDOLF KRAUS

Discovered precipitation reactions (1897)

Reaction between soluble antigen and antibodies

Now called precipitin reactions

HANS ZINSSER

Contrast between delayed and immediate hypersensitivity

Gaston Ramon

Bacterial toxins detoxified with formalin

Diphtheria = Anatoxins/ toxoids

Salk and Sabin 1949

Polio vaccine

Walter Reed 1951

Vaccine against yellow fever fever

1986

Hepatitis B vaccine by genetic engineering

1996-1998

Toll like receptors

Ian Frazer 2005

Human papillomavirus vaccine