chaper 2 immune response

Phases of immune reponse (typical time after infection to start and the duration)

• innate immune reponse - occurs MINUTES after infection and the duration of reponse are DAYS

• adaptive immune reponse - occures HOURS after infection and duration are DAYS
  immunological memory - occurs DAYS TO WEEKS and duration can be LIFELONG

What does hematopoietic stem cells produce in bone marrow?

• lymphoid stem cells - adaptive immunity

• myeloid stem cells - first responders managing inflammation, phagocytosis, and rapid pathogen destruction

What do lymphoid lineage produce?

• Natural killer cells - destroys virus infected cells without prior sensitization

• B cells - forms antibodies from plasma cells (humoral immunity)

• T cells - assists b cells and kils foreign cells

two types of t cells

• cytotoxic t cells - immune primary defenders induces apoptosis

• helper t cells - activates other immune cells like cytotoxic t and b cells

What do myeloid lineage produces?

• Neutrophils - engulfers and killers of bacteria

• Basophils - function in inflammatory events and allergies

• Eosinophils - active in worm and fungal infections allergy and inflammatory reactions

• Mast cells (tissue) - similar to basophils. triggers local inflammatory reponse and allergic reactions

• Monocytes - blood phagocytes

Macrophages - phagocyte that injest and kills foregin cells

Dendritic cells - processes forgein matter and presenting it to lymphocytes (adaptive immune response)

Blood cell morphologies

• Small lymphocyte - production of antibodies (b cells) or cytotoxic and helper functions (t cells

• dendritic cell - activate t cells and initiation of adaptive immune responses in lymphatic tissue

• plasma cell - fully differentiated form of B cell, secretes antibodies

• mast cell - expulsion of parasites from body through release of granules containing histamine and other active agents

• natural killer cell - kills infected cells

• monocyte - precursor cell to macrophage

• neutrophil - phagocytosis and kill microogranism

• macrophage - phagocytosis, kill microorganisms. activates t cells and initaiton of immune reponse

• eosinophil - kill antibody coated parasites by release of granule contents

• megakaryocyte - wound repair

• basophil - control immune response to parasite

• erythrocyte - oxygen transport

3 steps of phagocytosis

• recognition/attachment - phagocyte binds and attach to microbe

• engulfment - phagocyte membrane extends creating a phagosome from the removal of pathogen

• destruction - lysosome fuse with phagosome creating phagolysosome digesting anti microbial chemicals.

expressed on surface

What is chemotactic factor and its function?

a proinflammatory chemokine. Attracts neutrophils.

What are the pathways of complement system?

classical pathway, MB-lectin pathway, alternative pathway

What is classical pathway?

binds to antibody antigen on pathogens or pathogens itself to initiate protease cascade.

what is MB-lectin pathway?

mannose-binding lectin binds mannose to pathogens pathways

what is alternative pathway?

pathogen surfaces

What is C3 convertase?

a enzyme that triggers phagocytosis

What does C3a and C5a do?

peptide mediators of inflammation, phagocyte recruitment

what does C3b do?

binds to complement receptors on phagocytes and the organization of pathogens

what do terminal complement components do? cb5. c6, c7. c8, c9

forms membrane attack complex, causes pathogen and cell lysis

what are interferons?

prevents pathogens from multiplying and stimulate immune response

chemical mediators → location → activity against pathogens

complement → serum, extracellular fluid → membrane pores, phagocyte receptors

Types of lymphoid tissues

Primary lymphoid (bone marrow and thymus) - sitesof lymphocyte development and selection

Secondary lymphoid - sites of lymphocyte activation and differentiation into effect b and t cells

IL-1 cell source

macrophages, endothelium, fibroblasts, epithelial

IL-1 function

differentiation and function of immune effectors, PMN response

IL-8 cell source

macrophages, endothelial, T cells, keratinocytes, PMNs

IL-8 function

chemoattractant for PMNs and T cells, PMN degranulation, migration of PMNs

MHC class I

Intracellular antigens

processing occurs in proteasome

peptide binding occurs in ER

MHC class II

extracellular antigens

processing occurs in phagolysosome

peptide binding occurs in special MHC class II vesicles