Skeletal sysytem lab

Tarsals

Short bones in the ankle area arranged in 3 groups (proximal, intermediate, distal) that transfer body weight from leg to foot and allow foot movement.

Calcaneus

Largest tarsal bone that forms the heel and bears body weight during stepping, anchoring the Achilles tendon.

Talus

Tarsal bone above the calcaneus that forms the ankle joint, allowing articulation with the tibia and fibula.

Metatarsals

Long bones in the middle of the foot, numbered 1–5 from big toe to pinky toe, that transfer weight forward to toes.

Phalanges

Toe bones comprising proximal, middle, and distal phalanges (except big toe) that allow toe movement.

Femur

The only bone of the thigh and the largest, strongest bone in the body that supports body weight and leg movement.

Head of femur

Rounded ball-like top of the femur that fits into the acetabulum to form the hip joint.

Neck of femur

Narrow region just below the head of the femur that connects the head to the shaft, helping angle the leg.

Greater and Lesser Trochanters

Bony projections near the top of the femur that serve as attachment sites for hip muscles.

Medial and Lateral Condyles of Femur

Large rounded surfaces at the bottom (distal) end of femur that articulate with tibia at the knee.

Medial and Lateral Epicondyles of Femur

Small bumps just above the condyles that serve as muscle attachment points near the knee.

Intercondylar Fossa

Deep notch between the condyles on the back of the femur that holds ligaments connecting femur and tibia.

Patella

Kneecap bone embedded in a tendon that protects the knee joint and improves leverage of thigh muscles.

Tibia

Thick, medial leg bone (shin bone) that bears most of the body’s weight.

Medial and Lateral Condyles of Tibia

Top parts of the tibia that meet the femur to support weight and form part of the knee joint.

Tibial Tuberosity

Raised area on front of tibia below the knee where patellar ligaments attach.

Medial Malleolus

Bump on the inside (medial side) of the ankle for ligament attachment at the ankle joint.

Fibula

Slender, lateral bone of the lower leg that doesn't bear weight but supports muscles.

Lateral Malleolus

Outer bump of the ankle (distal end of fibula) that holds leg and foot bones together.

Obturator foramen

Large hole in each coxa closed mostly by a membrane, reducing bone weight and allowing nerves/vessels to pass.

Acetabulum

Cup-shaped depression on each coxa that holds the head of the femur to form the hip joint.

Iliac crest

Curved upper ridge of the ilium, serving as a muscle attachment site for trunk and arm movement.

Greater sciatic notch

Large notch below the iliac spine, serving as a pathway for nerves and blood vessels.

Ischial tuberosity

Rough, thickened part of ischium that serves as an attachment for ligaments and leg muscles.

Pubic symphysis

Cartilage joint connecting the left and right pubic bones, allowing slight movement between them.

Carpals

Eight small wrist bones arranged in two rows that allow wrist movement and serve as attachment sites.

Metacarpals

Long bones of the palm numbered 1–5 (thumb to pinky) that support palm and allow movement of fingers.

Phalanges (hands)

Finger bones: proximal, middle, and distal phalanges (except thumb) allowing finger movement.

Humerus

The only bone of the upper arm that connects the scapula to the radius/ulna and supports arm movement.

Head of humerus

Rounded top part of the humerus that fits into the glenoid cavity to form the shoulder joint.

Greater tubercle

Large bump on the side of the humerus near the head, serving as a muscle attachment site.

Lesser tubercle

Smaller bump on the front of the humerus, serving as an attachment site for rotator cuff muscles.

Intertubercular groove

Groove between greater and lesser tubercles that holds the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle.

Capitulum

Round knob on the lateral distal humerus that articulates with the head of the radius.

Trochlea

Spool-shaped part on the medial distal humerus that connects with the ulna for elbow movement.

Epicondyles (medial and lateral)

Bumps on both sides just above the capitulum and trochlea that serve as muscle attachment sites.

Radius

Lateral (thumb side) bone of the forearm that allows the forearm to rotate.

Head of radius

Rounded top end of the radius that articulates with the capitulum for forearm rotation.

Ulna

Medial (pinky side) bone of the forearm that forms a hinge joint at the elbow.

Olecranon (process)

Big bump on the back of the ulna that makes the point of the elbow.

Trochlear notch

C-shaped notch on the ulna that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.

Head of ulna

Rounded end at the bottom of the ulna near the wrist that articulates with wrist bones.

Pectoral Girdle

The shoulder girdle made of the clavicles and scapulae that connects the upper limb to the trunk.

Clavicle

S-shaped collarbone connecting the sternum to the scapula that supports the shoulder.

Scapula

Flat, triangular shoulder blade that connects the arm to the body.

Acromion (process)

Projection on the top of the scapula articulating with the clavicle to form the top of the shoulder.

Glenoid cavity (fossa)

Shallow depression on the scapula that holds the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.

Spine (of scapula)

Raised ridge on the back of the scapula serving as a muscle attachment site.

Borders (superior, lateral, medial)

The three edges of the scapula providing shape and serving as muscle attachment sites.

Infraspinous fossa

Depression below the scapular spine serving as a muscle attachment site for infraspinatus.

Supraspinous fossa

Depression above the scapular spine serving as a muscle attachment site for supraspinatus.

Subscapular fossa

Large depression on the front of scapula serving as a muscle attachment site for subscapularis.

Coracoid process

Curved projection on the front of the scapula serving as an attachment site for muscles and ligaments.