Skeletal sysytem lab

Front: Tarsals (7 per foot)
Back:
Definition: Short bones in the ankle area arranged in 3 groups (proximal, intermediate, distal).
Function: Transfer body weight from leg to foot and allow foot movement; muscle attachment sites.
💡 “Tarsals = Toes’ base stones.”
📍 Proximal: Calcaneus, Talus
📍 Intermediate: Navicular
📍 Distal (lateral to medial): Cuboid, Lateral Cuneiform, Intermediate Cuneiform, Medial Cuneiform

Front: Calcaneus
Back:
Definition: Largest tarsal bone, forms the heel.
Function: Bears body weight during stepping and anchors the Achilles tendon.
💡 Calcaneus = “Can carry you” — it’s your heel!

Front: Talus
Back:
Definition: Tarsal bone above the calcaneus that forms the ankle joint.
Function: Articulates with tibia and fibula to allow ankle movement.
💡 Talus = “Taller” connection between leg and foot.

Front: Metatarsals (5 per foot)
Back:
Definition: Long bones in the middle of the foot, numbered 1–5 from big toe to pinky toe.
Function: Transfer weight forward from tarsals to toes and provide muscle attachment.
💡 Meta = middle of the foot
📍 Metatarsal 1 = base of big toe, Metatarsal 5 = base of pinky toe

Front: Phalanges (14 per foot)
Back:
Definition: Toe bones — proximal, middle, and distal phalanges (except big toe).
Function: Allow toe movement and serve as muscle attachment points.
💡 Big toe (digit 1) has only 2 bones (proximal & distal); all others (digits 2–5) have 3.

Front: Femur (2)
Back:
Definition: The only bone of the thigh and the largest, strongest bone in the body.
Function: Supports body weight and allows leg movement.
💡 Think: Femur = “firm” bone = strongest!

Front: Head of femur
Back:
Definition: Rounded ball-like top of the femur.
Function: Fits into the acetabulum to form the hip joint.
💡 It’s the “ball” in the hip’s ball-and-socket joint.

Front: Neck of femur
Back:
Definition: Narrow region just below the head of the femur.
Function: Connects the head to the shaft; helps angle the leg.
💡 The “neck” links the ball to the body of the bone.

Front: Greater and Lesser Trochanters
Back:
Definition: Bony projections near the top of the femur.
Function: Attachment sites for hip muscles.
💡 Greater = lateral, bigger bump; Lesser = smaller and lower.

Front: Medial and Lateral Condyles of Femur
Back:
Definition: Large rounded surfaces at the bottom (distal) end of femur.
Function: Articulate with tibia at the knee; bear body weight.
💡 Condyles = “knuckles” that roll during knee movement.

Front: Medial and Lateral Epicondyles of Femur
Back:
Definition: Small bumps just above the condyles.
Function: Muscle attachment points near the knee.
💡 Epi = “above” the condyles.

Front: Intercondylar Fossa
Back:
Definition: Deep notch between the condyles on the back of the femur.
Function: Holds ligaments that connect femur and tibia.
💡 “Inter” = between; “fossa” = groove.

Front: Patella
Back:
Definition: Kneecap bone embedded in a tendon.
Function: Protects the knee joint and improves leverage of thigh muscles.
💡 Patella = protector of the knee.

Front: Tibia (2)
Back:
Definition: Thick, medial leg bone (shin bone).
Function: Bears most of the body’s weight.
💡 Tibia = “tough” weight-bearing bone.

Front: Medial and Lateral Condyles of Tibia
Back:
Definition: Top parts of the tibia that meet the femur.
Function: Support weight and form part of the knee joint.
💡 They match the condyles of the femur!

Front: Tibial Tuberosity
Back:
Definition: Raised area on front of tibia below the knee.
Function: Patellar ligaments attach here.
💡 Where your kneecap tendon connects!

Front: Medial Malleolus
Back:
Definition: Bump on the inside (medial side) of the ankle.
Function: Ligament attachment at the ankle joint.
💡 “Malleolus” = ankle bump; this one’s on the tibia.

Front: Fibula (2)
Back:
Definition: Slender, lateral bone of the lower leg.
Function: Doesn’t bear weight but supports muscles.
💡 Fibula = “fine” and skinny — not weight-bearing.

Front: Lateral Malleolus
Back:
Definition: Outer bump of the ankle (distal end of fibula).
Function: Holds leg and foot bones together at the ankle.
💡 Outer ankle bump = fibula!

Front: Obturator foramen
Back:
Definition: Large hole in each coxa closed mostly by a membrane.
Function: Reduces bone weight and allows nerves/vessels to pass through.
💡 Think: "Open gate" that lightens the bone.

Front: Acetabulum
Back:
Definition: Cup-shaped depression on each coxa.
Function: Holds the head of the femur to form the hip joint and transfer weight.
💡 Like a socket that cradles the femur — “ace” of the hip!

Front: Iliac crest
Back:
Definition: Curved upper ridge of the ilium.
Function: Muscle attachment site for trunk and arm movement.
💡 You can feel this on the sides of your waist!

Front: Greater sciatic notch
Back:
Definition: Large notch below the iliac spine.
Function: Pathway for nerves and blood vessels to reach the back of the leg.
💡 “Sciatic” = huge nerve that runs down your leg!

Front: Ischial tuberosity
Back:
Definition: Rough, thickened part of ischium that you sit on.
Function: Attachment for ligaments and thigh/leg muscles.
💡 Sit bones! “Tuberosity” = thick and bumpy for muscle grip.

Front: Pubic symphysis
Back:
Definition: Cartilage joint connecting the left and right pubic bones.
Function: Joins the two coxae in front; allows slight movement.
💡 “Symphysis” = coming together in the front.

Front: Carpals (8 per hand)
Back:
Definition: Eight small wrist bones arranged in two rows.
Function: Allow wrist movement and serve as attachment sites for muscles.
💡 Think: “Carpals = wrist pebbles.”
Proximal row (lateral → medial): Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform
Distal row (lateral → medial): Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate
📝 Tip: Use the mnemonic —“Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle”*

Front: Metacarpals (5 per hand)
Back:
Definition: Long bones of the palm numbered 1–5 (thumb to pinky).
Function: Support palm and allow movement of wrist, thumb, and fingers.
💡 Meta = middle → middle part of your hand
📝 Tip: Metacarpal 1 is at the thumb, Metacarpal 5 is at the pinky

Front: Phalanges (14 per hand)
Back:
Definition: Finger bones: proximal, middle, and distal phalanges (except thumb).
Function: Allow movement of fingers and thumb; provide muscle attachment sites.
💡 Phalanges = finger bones
📝 Tip: Thumb (digit 1) has only 2: proximal and distal; others (digits 2–5) have 3 each

Front: Humerus
Back:
Definition: The only bone of the upper arm; long bone between shoulder and elbow.
Function: Connects scapula to radius/ulna and supports arm movement.
💡 Think: Huge = Humerus — it's the big arm bone.

Front: Head of humerus
Back:
Definition: Rounded top part of the humerus.
Function: Fits into the glenoid cavity to form the shoulder (ball-and-socket) joint.
💡 Like a ball that fits in the shoulder socket.

Front: Greater tubercle
Back:
Definition: Large bump on the side (lateral) of humerus near the head.
Function: Muscle attachment site for arm movement.
💡 Greater = bigger bump on the outside.

Front: Lesser tubercle
Back:
Definition: Smaller bump on the front (anterior) of the humerus.
Function: Attachment site for rotator cuff muscles.
💡 Lesser = smaller, and it's on the front.

Front: Intertubercular groove
Back:
Definition: Groove between greater and lesser tubercles.
Function: Holds the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle.
💡 “Inter” = in between the two bumps.

Front: Capitulum
Back:
Definition: Round knob on the lateral distal humerus.
Function: Articulates with the head of the radius for forearm rotation.
💡 Capitulum = “cap” → fits the radius like a cap.

Front: Trochlea
Back:
Definition: Spool-shaped part on the medial distal humerus.
Function: Connects with the ulna’s trochlear notch for elbow movement.
💡 Trochlea = “track” — lets the elbow bend and straighten.

Front: Epicondyles (medial and lateral)
Back:
Definition: Bumps on both sides just above the capitulum and trochlea.
Function: Muscle attachment sites for hand and finger movement.
💡 Epi = above; condyle = bump. They’re above the main joint knobs.

Front: Radius
Back:
Definition: Lateral (thumb side) bone of the forearm.
Function: Allows the forearm to rotate (pronate/supinate).
💡 Radius = rotate. Think of turning a doorknob with your thumb up.

Front: Head of radius
Back:
Definition: Rounded top end of the radius.
Function: Articulates with the capitulum to allow forearm rotation.
💡 Head spins = rotation at the elbow.

Front: Ulna
Back:
Definition: Medial (pinky side) bone of the forearm.
Function: Forms hinge joint at elbow with humerus; allows flexion/extension.
💡 Ulna = U-shaped notch (trochlear notch).

Front: Olecranon (process)
Back:
Definition: Big bump on the back of the ulna (elbow tip).
Function: Attachment for arm muscles; makes the point of the elbow.
💡 Ouch! You hit your olecranon when you bang your elbow.

Front: Trochlear notch
Back:
Definition: C-shaped notch on the ulna.
Function: Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus for elbow movement.
💡 Trochlear notch = hugs the trochlea like a wrench.

Front: Head of ulna
Back:
Definition: Rounded end at the bottom of the ulna near the wrist.
Function: Articulates with wrist bones (carpals).
💡 Head = end that connects to the hand.

🦴 Pectoral Girdle Flashcards (with key info + easy ways to remember)

Front: Pectoral Girdle
Back:
Definition: The shoulder girdle made of the clavicles and scapulae.
Function: Connects the upper limb to the trunk and supports shoulder movement.
💡 Think: It “girdles” your arms to your body.

Front: Clavicle
Back:
Definition: S-shaped collarbone connecting the sternum to the scapula.
Function: Holds the scapula in place and helps support the shoulder.
💡 “Collar of the skeleton” — connects chest to shoulder.

Front: Scapula
Back:
Definition: Flat, triangular shoulder blade on the back of the rib cage.
Function: Connects arm to body and gives muscles a place to attach.
💡 Shaped like a wing — lets your arms “fly” around.

Front: Acromion (process)
Back:
Definition: Projection on the top of the scapula.
Function: Articulates with the clavicle to form the top of the shoulder.
💡 “Acro” = top — this is the highest point on the scapula.

Front: Glenoid cavity (fossa)
Back:
Definition: Shallow depression on the scapula.
Function: Holds the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint.
💡 Like a golf tee that holds the ball of your arm bone.

Front: Spine (of scapula)
Back:
Definition: Raised ridge on the back of the scapula.
Function: Separates the two fossae and is a muscle attachment site.
💡 Like a spine down the scapula’s “back.”

Front: Borders (superior, lateral, medial)
Back:
Definition: The three edges of the scapula.
Function: Give the scapula shape and serve as muscle attachment sites.
💡 Lateral = arm side; "SLiM" = Superior, Lateral, Medial.

Front: Infraspinous fossa
Back:
Definition: Depression below the scapular spine (posterior side).
Function: Muscle attachment site for infraspinatus.
💡 Infra = “below,” so it’s below the spine.

Front: Supraspinous fossa
Back:
Definition: Depression above the scapular spine.
Function: Muscle attachment site for supraspinatus.
💡 Supra = “above,” so it’s above the spine.

Front: Subscapular fossa
Back:
Definition: Large depression on the front (anterior) surface of scapula.
Function: Muscle attachment site for subscapularis.
💡 Sub = “under” and it’s under the scapula (front side).

Front: Coracoid process
Back:
Definition: Curved projection on the front of the scapula.
Function: Attachment site for muscles and ligaments.
💡 Looks like a bent finger — “coracoid” = crow’s beak!