22 - muscles of neck and breathing

scalenes - origin

transverse processes of C2-C7 vertebrae

scalenes - insertion

1st rib and 2nd rib

scalenes - actions

flexes head, laterally flexes neck, elevates 1st and 2nd rib during forced inspiration

longus colli - origin

bodies of C1-C3 and transverse processes of C3-C6 vertebraelongus Coll

longus colli - insertion

bodies of C5-T3 and transverse processes of C3-C5 vertebrae

longus colli - actions

flexes neck, lateral flexion and rotation to opposite side if acting unilaterally

longus capitis - origin

occipital bone

longus capitis - insertion

transverse processes of C3-C5 vertebrae

longus capitis - actions

flexes neck

rectus capitis anterior - origin

base of cranium, anterior to occipital condyle

rectus capitis anterior - insertion

lateral mass of atlas (C1)

rectus capitis anterior - actions

flexes head

rectus capitis lateralis - origin

occipital bone

rectus capitis laterals - insertion

transverse process of atlas (C1)

rectus capitis lateralis - actions

flexes and stabilizes head

rectus capitis posterior - origin

spinous process of C2 )axis) - major

posterior arch of C1 (atlas) - minor

rectus capitis posterior - insertion

occipital bone

rectus capitis posterior - actions

extension and rotation

thorax muscles for breathing - inspiration

diaphragm, external intercostals, pec major, pec minor, serratus anterior

thorax muscles for breathing - expiration

internal intercostals, rectus abdominis, internal obliques, transverse abdominal

quiet respiration tidal volume

~500 ml

forced inspiration is used:

high intensities of exercise, at high atlitude

average lung capacity:

4.5-6L

lung capacity does NOT normally change with training, what changes is:

the ability to diffuse gases from lungs to the blood