Parasitology final

What is the common name for Habronema spp.

Stomach Worm

What species is being described?

• Horse

• Stomach

• Indirect through the fly

• DX through embryonated eggs or L1 larvae

• prepatent- 2 months

• TX- anthelmintics and fly control

• Summer sores, gastric issues, colic, diarrhea

Habronema spp. (Stomach Worm)

What egg is this?

Habronema spp.

What is the common name for Parascaris equorum

Roundworm of the horse (Equine Roundworm)

What species is being described?

• Horse, common is foals

• small intestine

• Largest equine parasite

• DX through eggs in feces

• prepatent- 10-12 weeks

• TX- anthelmintics

• Anorexia, colic, nasal discharge, coughing, unthriftiness

Parascaris equorum (Equine Roundworm)

What egg is this?

Parascaris equorum (Equine Roundworm)

What is the common name for Strongylus spp.

Strongyles

What species is being described?

• Horse

• Large intestine/cecum

• looks like hookworm

• DX through eggs in feces

• prepatent- 6 months

• TX- anthelmintics

• Anemia, colic, anorexia, fever

• larvae can migrate

Strongylus spp. (Strongyles)

What egg is this?

Strongylus spp. (Strongyles)

What is the common name for Strongyloides westeri

Equine threadworm

What species is being described?

• females don’t need a male to reproduce

• Horse, more common in foals

• small intestine

• Transmammary, orally, cutaneously

• needs warm, moist soil

• DX through Baermann’s

• prepatent- 5-7 days

• TX- oxibendazole, ivermectin

• diarrhea, anorexia, anemia, loss of appetite

Strongyloides wester (equine threadworm)

What egg is this?

Strongyloides westeri (equine threadworm)

What is the common name for Oxyuris equi

pinworm of horses

What species is being described?

• Horse

• Cecum/rectum/colon

• Eggs on outside of anus

• DX through scotch tape method

• prepatent- 4-5 months

• TX- anthelmintics, wash anus

• raw tail head, itchy

Oxyuris equi (pinworm of horses)

What egg is this?

Oxyuris equi (pinworm of horses)

What is the common name for Onchocerca cervicalis

Equine neck threadworms

What species is being described?

• Horse

• Indirect through biting midges or gnats

• Intermediate hosts injects microfilariae

• DX through skin biopsy

• prepatent- 3-4 weeks

• TX- through anthelmintics and insect control

• Scaly, itchy pieces of alopecia a long the neck/cervical line, opthalmic issues, looks like sweet itch

Onchocerca cervicalis (Equine neck threadworms)

What species does this microfilariae belong to?

Onchocerca cervicalis (equine neck threadworms)

What is the common name for Anoplocephala perfoliata

equine tapeworm

What species is being described?

• Horse

• small and large intestine/cecum

• indirect through grain mites

• DX through eggs or segments in feces

• prepatent- 28-42 days

• TX- prazi/epsiquantel

• asymptomatic, maybe a blockage or colic

• cysticercoid

Anoplocephala perfoliata (equine tapeworm)

What egg is this?

Anoplocephala perfoliata (equine tapeworm)

What are 2 other scientific names for equine tapeworm?

• Anoplocephala magna

• Paranoplocephala mamillana

What species is being described?

• equine tapeworm

• small intestine/stomach

• indirect through grain mites

• DX through eggs or segments in feces

• prepatent- 28-42 days

• TX- prazi/epsiquantel

• asymptomatic, maybe a blockage or colic

• cysticercoid

• Anoplocephala magna

• Paranoplocephala mamillana

What is the main difference between Anoplocephala perfoliata and Anoplocephala magna/Paranoplocephala mamillana

Location!

• Anaplocephala perfoliata (small & large intestine, cecum)

• Anoplocephala magna/Paranoplocephala mamillana (small intestine & stomach)

What is the common name for Eimeria leuckarti

equine coccidia

What species is being described?

• Horse

• immune to parasite after getting over it

• small intestine

• DX through oocytes in feces

• prepatent- 30 days

• TX- sulfa drugs

• asymptomatic, inflammation of intestinal cells

• sporulated oocytes

Eimeria leuckarti (equine coccidia)

What egg is this?

Eimeria leuckarti (equine coccidia)

What is the common name for Babesia caballi

equine piroplasmosis

What is another scientific name for Babesia caballi

Theileria equi

What species is being described?

• Horse

• Reportable to government

• Indirect through tick

• Mares can pass in utero

• DX through blood smear

• blue balls

• prepatent- 10-30 days

• TX- imidocarb dipropionate

• fever, depression, icteric, anorexia

Babesia caballi (equine piroplasms)

What species is this?

Babesia caballi (equine piroplasms)

What can Sarcocystis neurona also be called?

Sarcocystis

What species is being described?

• main host is a possum (horse is aberrant)

• DX through a blood test

• TX- ponzeril or diclazuril

• EPM, ataxia, weakness, muscle loss

• sporulated oocytes

Sarcocystis neurona

what is EPM

equine protozoal myelitis

What species is this?

Sarcocystis neurona

What is the common name for Gasterophilus spp.

Horse/stomach bots

What species is being described?

• Horse

• stomach

• DX through larvae in feces, eggs on hair of legs

• TX- ivermectin, moxidectin

• gastric ulcers, irritated gastric mucosa

• larval in horse, adult in fly

Gasterophilus spp. (horse/stomach bots)

What species is this?

Gasterophilus spp. (horse/stomach bots)

What parasite of horses is often mistaken for foal heat diarrhea?

Strongyloides westeri (equine threadworm)

What method of parasite detection would usually never be used for horses?

Sedimentation

What is the best way to manage parasites in horses?

• rotate pastures

• perform fecal egg counts

• deworm accordingly

Where are adults of Onchocerca cervicalis found?

ligamentum nuchae

German scientist _________ ________ ___________discovered X-Rays in the year_______.

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen; 1895

describe X-Rays

• invisible

• electrically neutral

• travel in straight lines

• fluorescent in certain substances

• can produce scatter radiation

what is scatter radiation also known as

secondary radiationwhat

what are the 3 parts of an atom

1. protons (+)

2. neutrons

3. electrons (-)

where are protons and neutrons located in the atom

in the nucelus

where are electrons located in the atom

in the rings on the outer edges

as the number of protons increase, the number of corresponding electrons _________

increase

as the number of rings increase, does electrical charge increase or decrease

decrease

what metal has the highest melting point of other metals

tungsten

what is frequency

the number of waves passing a given point per unit of time

higher frequency = _______ penetration

more

what does mA stand for

milliamperage

what does kVp stand for

killavolt peak

what is the current

mA is used to measure the electric current that activates the x-ray tube

what is the voltage

speed in which electrons transfer energy along the circuit

what is the time

timer controls the length of time that x-rays are produced

what does rectification ensure

that the current travels in the same direction as a direct current

what kind of animals is a single-phase circuit used for

small animals, birds, lizards

what kind of animals is a three-phase circuit used for

large animals, horses, elephants

what is the filament made of in a x-ray machine

tungsten

what is the first step in the process of taking a radiograph

mA heats the filament to take the electrons from it to produce an electron cloud

cathode

negative side

anode

positive side

2 varieties of anodes

• rotating

• stationary

what is the second step in the process of taking a radiograph

electrons released from the cathode hit the target to break the electrons, producing radiation

what controls how hard the electrons hit the target

kVp

describe the anode heel effect

radiation is more intense on the cathode side

what is Step-Up

volts to kVp, slamming electrons into the target

what is Step-Down

volts to mA, heating the filament (tungsten)

what does pressing the pedal halfway down do

rev the anode, heat the filament

what does pressing the pedal all the way down do

sends cloud to target, takes the radiograph

___% radiation to ___% heat

1% to 99%

changing the kVp level affects what

contrast, quality of the image; inside of the image

how much should you change kVp by at a time

10%-15%

changing the mA level affects what

density, quantity of electrons; degree of blackness

how much should you change mA by at a time

30%-50%

what is Sante’s Rule

2 times thickness + SID (source image distance) + GF (grid factor) = kVp

what is the common source image distance in stationary machines

40 in

what does high contrast show on radiographs

blacks and whites (extremities/bones)

what does low contrast show on a radiograph

many grays (thorax/abdomen)

what kinds of subjects does the contrast level depend on

• thickness

• body part

• bone/muscle/fat ratio

• contrast media

what is collimation

moves around the field of view (etch-a-sketch)

why should we collimate

allows for less scatter radiation

what does ALARA stand for

as low as reasonably achievable

stochasitc effects

occur in your lifetime

deterministic effects

genetic effects

may not show up for 2-3 generations

what thickness of led protects us from scatter radiation

0.5 mm

radiation can affect the cell in 4 ways

1. pass through with no damage

2. repairable damage

3. irreparable damage

4. kills the cells

what is a dosimeter

measures exposure levels

what is the absorbed dose

RAD or Gy amount of radiation absorbed per unit of mass matter

what is the dose equivalent

REM or Sv unit measured by dosimeter

1 Sv = ___ REM

1 mSv = ___ REM

100; 100

T or F; shielding protects you from the direct beam

False

what are the 3 Cardinal Rules

1. reduce time of exposure

2. increase distance between source of radiation and the subject

3. shield or barrier between operator and source of radiation

what is the number 1 issue when taking radiographs

motion of the patient

radiolucent means

cannot see on a film

radiopaque means

can see on a film