Anatomy Exam 2 pt2

Auburn University-Shobnom (axial & appendicular,

axial skeleton

skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

appendicular skeleton

upper & lower limbs

What does the skull consist of?

cranial cavity, orbits, oral, nasal, paranasal sinuses

What bone surrounds the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bones?

frontal bone

What are the passageway for the olfactory nerves to superior nasal cavity?

perforations & cribriform foramina

Where is the crista galli?

elevation on the anteromedial part of cribriform plate; attachment of cranial dural septa of brain

What houses the pituitary gland on the sphenoid?

sella turcica

Canals that go from the eyes to the brain

optic canals

What nerves are housed in the internal acoustic meatus?

proximal facial nerve & vestibulocochlear nerve

What is the function of sutures on the skull?

forms boundaries between cranial bones

What are the 4 sutures on the skull?

squamous, lambdoid, sagittal, and coronal sutures

What is the premature fusion of one or more cranial bones?

craniosynotosis

What are the 3 parts of the auditory ossicle?

malleolus, incus, & stapes

Where is the hyoid bone located?

inferior to the skull between the mandible & the larynx

When does the anterior fontanellas(soft spot) close?

around 15 months

When does the posterior fontanellas(soft spot)?

around 9 months

What does the cervical vertebrae articulate?

occipital condyles

What does the thoracic vertebrae articulate?

laterally with one or two pairs of ribs

What does the sacrum articulate?

Laterally with your hip bones

What curve is present at birth?

primary curves

What part of the vertebrae curves in the secondary curvature?

cervical & lumbar vertebrae

When does the cervical curve form?

once an infant can hold up their head (3-4 months)

When does the lumbar curve form?

when a child is learning to walk and stand (within first year)

What is the vertebral foramen?

opening enclosed by body with vertebral arch

What is the vertebral canal?

formed by stacking the vertebral foramina; contains spinal cord

What spinal abnormality cause you to have a hunchback look?

Kyphosis; can be caused by osteoporsis

What spinal abnormality cause you to have an exaggerated lumbar curvature?

Lordosis; gaining abdominal weight

What is the lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae?

intervertebral formina

What is the vertebral arch composed of?

2 pedicles & laminae

What is a pedicle?

originate from posterolateral margins of body

What is a laminae?

extend posteromedially from posterior edge of pedicle

What is the outer ring of fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs?

anulus fibrosus

What is the inner gelatinous region in the intervertebral discs?

nucleus pulposus

What is housed in the cervical vertebrae?

vertebral artery and vein

What part of the body does the cervical vertebrae support?

only supports the weight of the head

Where does the atlas(C1) articulate?

occipital condyles at the atlantooccipital joint; promoting nodding “yes”

What joint is between the atlas and axis that permits you to shake your head no?

atlantoaxial joint

Microdiscectomy

portion of intervertebral disc removed

Discectomy

vertebrae and muscles incised before removing portions of disc

What is pes planus?

Flat feet; medial longitudinal flattened

What fracture is caused from repetitive pressure?

Metatarsal stress fracture

What is a joint?

any point where two bones meet, bone & cartilage meet, or bone and teeth meet

What are 4 anatomical categories?

bony joints

fibrous joints

cartilaginous joints

synovial joints

What are the 4 functional categories?

synostosis

synarthrosis

amphiarthrosis

diarthrosis

What joint is immovable?

synostosis

Where is synostosis located?

\-frontal and mandibular bones

\-cranial sutures in elderly

\-physes fuse in adults

\-the gap between 2 bones ossifies

What joint is attached by collagen fibers?

fibrous joint

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses

Sutures

slightly moveable fibrous joints

What is a serrate suture?

interlocking wavy lines; ex coronal, sagittal, & lambdoid sutures

What is a lap(squamous) suture?

overlapping beveled edges; ex temporal & parietal bones

What is a plane(butt) suture?

straight, non-overlapping edges; ex palatine processes of the maxillae

What is gomphosis?

fibrous joint attachment of a tooth to its socket

\-held by collagen fibers

\-allows tooth to move

What is syndesmoses?

fibrous joint where two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers

\-more mobility

\-interosseous membrane

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

synchondrosis & synphysis

When bones are bound by hyaline cartilage?

synchondrosis

Where is synchondrosis in the body?

\-first rib attachment to the sternum

\-epiphyseal plate in children

When bones are joined by fibrocartilage?

symphysis

Where is symphysis located in the body?

\-pubic symphysis

\-bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs

When 2 bones are separated by fluid filled joint space?

synovial joint

What is the articular cartilage made up of?

hyaline cartilage

What separates the articular surfaces?

joint cavity

What is the lubricant in a synovial joint?

synovial fluid

What is synovial fluid made up of?

albumin & hyaluronic acid

What is located in the joint capsule?

connective tissue capsule

What is in the inner synovial membrane?

Areolar CT with fibroblast like cells and macrophages

What attaches muscle to bone?

tendon made up of tough collagenous connective tissue

What attaches bone-bone?

Ligament made up of tough connective tissue

What is a bursa function/location?

fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin

What is an elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon?

tendon sheaths

What is the function of a lever?

any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum

What is a first-class lever?

has a fulcrum between resistance & effort

Atlanto-occipital joint is an example of what lever?

first class

What is a second-class lever?

resistance between the fulcrum and effort

Resistance from the muscle tone of the temporalis muscle lies between the jaw joint and the pull of the digastric muscle on the chin as it opens the mouth quickly

second class

What is a third-class lever?

effort between the resistance and the fulcrum

effort applied by the biceps muscle is applied to the forearm

third class

ROM

range of motion- the degrees through which a joint can move

What determines the ROM?

structure of the articular surface, ligaments and joint capsules, and muscle tones

Ball-and-socket joint

head of humerus(shoulder)

\-smooth head fits within a cuplike socket

Hinge joint

humerus & ulna(elbow)

\-one bone with convex surface fits into a concave depression on other bone

Pivot joint

radius & ulna (bone spins)

\-one bone has a projection that is held in place by a ring like ligament

Plane joint

intercarpals

\-flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other with relatively limited movement

Saddle joint

carpal to metacarpal

\-noth bones have articular surface that is concave in one direction and convex in the other

condylar joint

metacarpal to phalanx

\-oval convex surface on one bone fits into concave depression on the other

What is the zero position?

the position any joint is in when a person is in a standard position

flexion

decrease the joint angle

extension

increase in the joint angle to zero position

hyperextension

extension beyond the zero position

abduction

movement of a body part away from the midline of the body

adduction

movement toward the midline

elevation

movement that raises a body part in the frontal plane

depression

movement that lowers a body part in the same plane

protraction

anterior movement

retraction

posterior movement

circumduction

one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion

rotation

movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis

supination

turns palm face anteriorly or upward

pronation

turns palm to face either posteriorly or downward

dorsiflexion

elevation of toes as you do swinging foot forward to take a step