Studied by 6 peopleAuburn University-Shobnom (axial & appendicular,
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
appendicular skeleton
upper & lower limbs
What does the skull consist of?
cranial cavity, orbits, oral, nasal, paranasal sinuses
What bone surrounds the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bones?
frontal bone
What are the passageway for the olfactory nerves to superior nasal cavity?
perforations & cribriform foramina
Where is the crista galli?
elevation on the anteromedial part of cribriform plate; attachment of cranial dural septa of brain
What houses the pituitary gland on the sphenoid?
sella turcica
Canals that go from the eyes to the brain
optic canals
What nerves are housed in the internal acoustic meatus?
proximal facial nerve & vestibulocochlear nerve
What is the function of sutures on the skull?
forms boundaries between cranial bones
What are the 4 sutures on the skull?
squamous, lambdoid, sagittal, and coronal sutures
What is the premature fusion of one or more cranial bones?
craniosynotosis
What are the 3 parts of the auditory ossicle?
malleolus, incus, & stapes
Where is the hyoid bone located?
inferior to the skull between the mandible & the larynx
When does the anterior fontanellas(soft spot) close?
around 15 months
When does the posterior fontanellas(soft spot)?
around 9 months
What does the cervical vertebrae articulate?
occipital condyles
What does the thoracic vertebrae articulate?
laterally with one or two pairs of ribs
What does the sacrum articulate?
Laterally with your hip bones
What curve is present at birth?
primary curves
What part of the vertebrae curves in the secondary curvature?
cervical & lumbar vertebrae
When does the cervical curve form?
once an infant can hold up their head (3-4 months)
When does the lumbar curve form?
when a child is learning to walk and stand (within first year)
What is the vertebral foramen?
opening enclosed by body with vertebral arch
What is the vertebral canal?
formed by stacking the vertebral foramina; contains spinal cord
What spinal abnormality cause you to have a hunchback look?
Kyphosis; can be caused by osteoporsis
What spinal abnormality cause you to have an exaggerated lumbar curvature?
Lordosis; gaining abdominal weight
What is the lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae?
intervertebral formina
What is the vertebral arch composed of?
2 pedicles & laminae
What is a pedicle?
originate from posterolateral margins of body
What is a laminae?
extend posteromedially from posterior edge of pedicle
What is the outer ring of fibrocartilage in intervertebral discs?
anulus fibrosus
What is the inner gelatinous region in the intervertebral discs?
nucleus pulposus
What is housed in the cervical vertebrae?
vertebral artery and vein
What part of the body does the cervical vertebrae support?
only supports the weight of the head
Where does the atlas(C1) articulate?
occipital condyles at the atlantooccipital joint; promoting nodding “yes”
What joint is between the atlas and axis that permits you to shake your head no?
atlantoaxial joint
Microdiscectomy
portion of intervertebral disc removed
Discectomy
vertebrae and muscles incised before removing portions of disc
What is pes planus?
Flat feet; medial longitudinal flattened
What fracture is caused from repetitive pressure?
Metatarsal stress fracture
What is a joint?
any point where two bones meet, bone & cartilage meet, or bone and teeth meet
What are 4 anatomical categories?
bony joints
fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
synovial joints
What are the 4 functional categories?
synostosis
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
What joint is immovable?
synostosis
Where is synostosis located?
-frontal and mandibular bones
-cranial sutures in elderly
-physes fuse in adults
-the gap between 2 bones ossifies
What joint is attached by collagen fibers?
fibrous joint
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
sutures, gomphoses, syndesmoses
Sutures
slightly moveable fibrous joints
What is a serrate suture?
interlocking wavy lines; ex coronal, sagittal, & lambdoid sutures
What is a lap(squamous) suture?
overlapping beveled edges; ex temporal & parietal bones
What is a plane(butt) suture?
straight, non-overlapping edges; ex palatine processes of the maxillae
What is gomphosis?
fibrous joint attachment of a tooth to its socket
-held by collagen fibers
-allows tooth to move
What is syndesmoses?
fibrous joint where two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers
-more mobility
-interosseous membrane
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
synchondrosis & synphysis
When bones are bound by hyaline cartilage?
synchondrosis
Where is synchondrosis in the body?
-first rib attachment to the sternum
-epiphyseal plate in children
When bones are joined by fibrocartilage?
symphysis
Where is symphysis located in the body?
-pubic symphysis
-bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs
When 2 bones are separated by fluid filled joint space?
synovial joint
What is the articular cartilage made up of?
hyaline cartilage
What separates the articular surfaces?
joint cavity
What is the lubricant in a synovial joint?
synovial fluid
What is synovial fluid made up of?
albumin & hyaluronic acid
What is located in the joint capsule?
connective tissue capsule
What is in the inner synovial membrane?
Areolar CT with fibroblast like cells and macrophages
What attaches muscle to bone?
tendon made up of tough collagenous connective tissue
What attaches bone-bone?
Ligament made up of tough connective tissue
What is a bursa function/location?
fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin
What is an elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon?
tendon sheaths
What is the function of a lever?
any elongated, rigid object that rotates around a fixed point called a fulcrum
What is a first-class lever?
has a fulcrum between resistance & effort
Atlanto-occipital joint is an example of what lever?
first class
What is a second-class lever?
resistance between the fulcrum and effort
Resistance from the muscle tone of the temporalis muscle lies between the jaw joint and the pull of the digastric muscle on the chin as it opens the mouth quickly
second class
What is a third-class lever?
effort between the resistance and the fulcrum
effort applied by the biceps muscle is applied to the forearm
third class
ROM
range of motion- the degrees through which a joint can move
What determines the ROM?
structure of the articular surface, ligaments and joint capsules, and muscle tones
Ball-and-socket joint
head of humerus(shoulder)
-smooth head fits within a cuplike socket
Hinge joint
humerus & ulna(elbow)
-one bone with convex surface fits into a concave depression on other bone
Pivot joint
radius & ulna (bone spins)
-one bone has a projection that is held in place by a ring like ligament
Plane joint
intercarpals
-flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other with relatively limited movement
Saddle joint
carpal to metacarpal
-noth bones have articular surface that is concave in one direction and convex in the other
condylar joint
metacarpal to phalanx
-oval convex surface on one bone fits into concave depression on the other
What is the zero position?
the position any joint is in when a person is in a standard position
flexion
decrease the joint angle
extension
increase in the joint angle to zero position
hyperextension
extension beyond the zero position
abduction
movement of a body part away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement toward the midline
elevation
movement that raises a body part in the frontal plane
depression
movement that lowers a body part in the same plane
protraction
anterior movement
retraction
posterior movement
circumduction
one end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
rotation
movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
supination
turns palm face anteriorly or upward
pronation
turns palm to face either posteriorly or downward
dorsiflexion
elevation of toes as you do swinging foot forward to take a step
Note
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