Development of Peer Relationships, Morality, and Self-Concept in Children

(Peer Acceptance and Rejection) - High acceptance, low rejection

Popular

(Peer Acceptance and Rejection) - High rejecton, low acceptance

Rejected

(Peer Acceptance and Rejection) - low acceptance, low rejection

neglected

(Peer Acceptance and Rejection) - High acceptance, high rejection

Controversial

why are peer relationships different from parental

status, age, negotiate identity, new form of intimacy

peer acceptance is shaped by:

physical features, cognitive skills, social skills

studies for screen time

live interaction v screen, background noise from media, word deficit from media viewing, fantasy TV exposure, aggressive and prosocial behavior

implicit association test

girl (books), boys (math)

gender significance to children

evolution, socialization, language

evidence for race bias

identification of blurry gun with black faces, ingroup favoritism (red v. blue tshirts), clark and clark dolls

sources of differences in racial prejudice

intergroup contact, cooperative contact, transmission from parents

four psychologists related to morality

darwin, piaget, haidt, kohlberg

piaget's stance on morality

moral judgements due to explicit reasoning

piaget's stages

stage 1, transitional stage, stage 2

piaget's stage 1 contents

moral realism, objective responsibility, punishment for its own sake, immanent justice

piaget's transitional stage

more interaction with peers, fairness and equality, autonomous thinking

piaget's stage 2

rules become arbitrary, intent > consequence, punishment should fit the crime

kohlberg's stages

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

preconventional stages:

obedience to authority, fear of punishment --> then sense of self and best interest

conventional stages

moral behavior is that which helps others, try best to be thought of as GOOD by society & uphold laws

postconventional stages:

arbitrary principles about human rights and laws and conflicts

haidt's theory

moral dumbfoundng: we know it is wrong/right, but cant explain why

intuitionist theory

we make quick moral judgements that are LATER explained by moral reasoning (gut instinct)

domains of moral judgement

care/harm, loyalty/betrayal, purity/sanctity, fairness/cheating, authority/subversion

haidt experiments on development of morality (harm/care)

blue square and yellow triangle (which character do you want to be friends with, do babies use moral expectations to guide them?

fairness

skittles experiment: advantageous inequity v. disadvantageous inequity

loyaly

children share more with parents, friends, people of same gender/race

authority

children trust people who receive social attention (i.e. adults teaching a group of kids how to play with toys)

children's sense of self pillars

self-differentiation, self recognition, self awareness

test for self recognition

rouge test (mirror) - face and mark on forehead

define self differentiation

understand difference between self touch v. other touch

experiment for self awareness

halloween study (putting mirror in front of a "take 1" candy bowl) ==> self awareness increases rule following

theory of mind

understanding others have minds and can percieve/believe different things

test for theory of mind

smarties test (candy and pencils)

type of praise for fixed mindset

traits/characteristics OR ability, generic

type of praise for growth mindset

effort, process, non-generic

global self esteem

how one views themselves as a WHOLE

domain specific self esteem

how one views themselves in one domain (work, as a partner, etc.)

primary factors of resilience

adult support, stable caregiving, community support outside of family, etc.

reasons why play is valuable

high exchange of language, fosters socially interactive learning, fun (positive emotions help children learn better), hypothesis testing and exploration, exploring and creating social structures

where can play happen?

in reading (open ended questions, fill in the blank, teach new words, repetition, etc.), at the grocery store, in a children's museum

what can play predict?

success in STEM, language skills, critical thinking, executive function, collaboration

types of play

co-opted, guided, free, direct instruction

child directed, child initiated

free play

adult directed, child initiated

co-opted play

child directed, adult initiated

guided play

adult directed, adult initiated

direct instruction

why are electronics toys bad?

decrease in quality + quantity in language, less conversational turns, less parental responses, not as much vocalization and gesturing for babies

brain to brain coupling during play

parents and child's brains sync to shared social cues, baby's brain precedes slightly

parental attachment experiments

strange situation, harlow's monkeys

reasons for secure base

allows children to explore without being needy

attachment styles

secure, avoidant, resistant-ambivalent, disorganized

bowlby stages of attachment

pre attachment, attachment in the making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships

pre attachment:

innate signals, parental responsiveness

attachment in the making

preference for caregivers

clear cut attachment

active seeking, separation distress

reciprocal relationships

children as relationship partners

parenting behaviors (secure attachment)

adjusts to babies needs, reliable, accepts baby in difficult times

parenting behaviors (avoidant)

less physical contact, more anger and irritability, not as reliable

parenting behaviors (resistant)

less affection and more inconsistency

parenting behaviors (disorganized)

often abusive and neglect

infant temperament profiles

easy, difficult, slow to warm up

internal working models

puppet show (bring infants back for memory after witnessing event) ==> securely attached = memory for positive events, vice versa

habituation event (shapes) and caregiver response ==> used to guide their expectations (looking time)

parenting styles

authoritative, uninvolved, authoritarian, permissive

sources for variation in parenting

SES, quality of marriage, personal upbringing, mental health, culture

basic emotions theory

emotions are universal and can be interpreted by stereotypical facial expressions

theory of constructed emotion

emotions are personally interpreted by past experiences and knowledge

basic emotions

fear, surprise, joy, sadness, anger, disgust

secondary (self-conscious) emotions

guilt, pride, embarassment, etc.

emotion contagion

emotions are CONTAGIOUS (mothers can pass on stress to their babies)

Early Life Experience factors

SES and poverty, infant mortality, minimum wage, income stability, environmental inequality

income stability affects...

less infant brain volume in right hippocampus and amygdala

factors that influence individual differences

cognitive differences, sex & birth order

children who experience more ____ experience greater ____ (broca's area)

conversational turn-taking, left infereior frontal

what is the quine gavagai problem

"gavagai" can mean infinite things

babbling

practice w/ articulating relevant sounds, allows caregivers to respond more, create social interaction that facilitate language learning , show interest to an object

mapping problems

using social cues (adult gaze) to map novel objects to words, emotions for mapping, syntactic bootstrapping, logic to learn words

cross situational learning

apple and ball, orange and ball (use label links)

semantic network

infants can identify juice next to a picture of feet better than a picture of milk

semantic network (predictions)

infants can predict what's next based on key words (i.e. juice is likely to come after the word drink)

Chomsky's Universal Grammar Theory

innately born with knowledge of grammatical structure (this is why we can form sentences we've never heard before), lang. cannot be learned through reinforcement/punishment

Learning Theories

language is learnable through domain general processes

Phonology

study of sounds

morphology

study of smaller units within words

semantics

study of word meaning and language

syntax

rules that govern sentences

pragmatics

study of meaning in context of how language is used to communicate

infant directed speech characteristics

higher pitch, slowed voice, shorter sentences, more pausing

how does IDS help

attracts attention, helps w/ baby engagement, larger vocav size, increased looking @ caregiver's mouth, boosts brain development

syntactic boostrapping

sentence structure to infer word meanings

mutual exclusivity

assign new word to unknown objects (one name per object)

morpheme

meaningful unit of language (the, -ing, -er, -s, etc.)

prosody

rhythm and inotation of speech

categorical

perception that allows easy distinguishing of phonemes of our language

connectionism

human mind processes information in a parellel distributed and interactive manner

phoneme

distinct sounds in a specified language that distinguishes one word from another (p, b, d, t)

generative grammar

type of grammar that consists of a set of rules that can be used to create all possible sentences

social-convention transgression

manners, dress codes, etc.

moral transgression

hitting, stealing, etc.

sociodramatic play

pretend play involving actual people