the role of the papacy

Roman Catholic Church

The Christian Church generally based in Rome, whose pope was ruled as the accepted heir of the apostle Saint Peter

Donation of Constantine

A document that supported the Pope's supremacy over western Europe; it was later proven to be an eighth-century forgery

papal view od monarchs

The popes preferred that monarchs pledge full sovereignty to them, which would appeal to the people for support

William of Normandy and pope

Swore fealty to the Pope in 1066 when he invaded England

Henry IV and pope

The Holy Roman Emperor who defied the claims of the popes

Papal actions in the later eleventh century

Popes were determined to enforce their control and defend it by force, leading them to raise armies and call wars of conquest 'holy wars'

Pope Gregory VII (role of papacy)

Insisted on his rights in the Investiture Contest, which led to him quarreling with Emperor Henry IV