Sociology

Auguste Comte

Father of sociology, created positivism

positivism

the theory that laws are social rules

Harriet Martineau

brought sociology to england

Karl Marx

brought forth the conflict approach

Herbert Spencer

believes in survival of the fittest and social Darwinism

Emile Durkheim

brought forth social factsS

Social facts

external circumstances or events that effect how people behave

Jane Addams

founded settlement houses

Max weber

studied modernization in societies and brought forth rationalization

Rationalization

replacing emotional motives for social action with rational and logical ones

Web Dubois

BLACK MAN, focused on race and inequality

double consciousness

the sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others

functionalist perspective(functionalism)

society is one unit that is made up of connecting parts that work together to maintain stability

conflict perspective (Karl Marx)

society is made up of groups competing for power, money, and resources; focuses on inequality

Symbolic interactionist perspective

society is built from how individuals interpret and respond to each other; focuses on meaning

Socialization

the process by which we learn to be a member of society

enculturation

the process of being embedded into a culture

Ethnocentrism

judging other cultures as inferior to your own

Cultural relativism

being open minded about other cultures

a cultural value

what people in that culture think is good or ethical

Folkways

ways people normally do something, but violating them does not result in any serious consequences

mores

A step worse than folkways, where violating social norms may result in consequences

taboo

even worse than mores; actions that are completely forbidden

ethnocentric

unable to see ones culture as just one of many; viewing ones culture as the one right set of beliefs

liminal state

in between two places

looking-glass self

The conception that states people evaluate themselves based on how they think other people view them