Sociology

Auguste Comte

Father of sociology, created positivism

positivism

the theory that laws are social rules

Harriet Martineau

brought sociology to england

Karl Marx

brought forth the conflict approach

Herbert Spencer

believes in survival of the fittest and social Darwinism

Emile Durkheim

brought forth social factsS

Social facts

external circumstances or events that effect how people behave

Jane Addams

founded settlement houses

Max weber

studied modernization in societies and brought forth rationalization

Rationalization

replacing emotional motives for social action with rational and logical ones

Web Dubois

BLACK MAN, focused on race and inequality

double consciousness

the sense of always looking at one's self through the eyes of others

functionalist perspective(functionalism)

society is one unit that is made up of connecting parts that work together to maintain stability

conflict perspective (Karl Marx)

society is made up of groups competing for power, money, and resources; focuses on inequality

Symbolic interactionist perspective

society is built from how individuals interpret and respond to each other; focuses on meaning

Socialization

the process by which we learn to be a member of society

enculturation

the process of being embedded into a culture

Ethnocentrism

judging other cultures as inferior to your own

Cultural relativism

being open minded about other cultures

a cultural value

what people in that culture think is good or ethical

Folkways

ways people normally do something, but violating them does not result in any serious consequences

mores

A step worse than folkways, where violating social norms may result in consequences

taboo

even worse than mores; actions that are completely forbidden

ethnocentric

unable to see ones culture as just one of many; viewing ones culture as the one right set of beliefs

liminal state

in between two places

looking-glass self

The conception that states people evaluate themselves based on how they think other people view them

deviance

deviating from normspr

primary group

those with which we have a strong emotional bond

secondary group

groups for functional reasons but with much less emotional connection

aggregate group

a group of people who are temporarily in the same place at the same timec

category group

a group of people who share a characteristic

reference group

a group which a person compares themselves to

in-group

a group one feels they belong to

out-group

a group one identifies themself as not belonging to

status

a position within a social structure

role

the actions and behaviors expected from someone’s status

role conflict

conflicting expectations from two or more social rolesrole

role strain

conflicting expectations within the same status

dyad

two person grouptr

triad

three person group

factions

smaller groups within large groups

instrumental leader

a leader who focuses on the task at handexp

expressive leader

a leader who puts relationships, morale, and emotions first

conformity

suppressing individual needs in favor of a group

deviance

an action that violates social norms

stigma

a discrediting label attached to someone

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice arises from the frustration of those who are economically or socially disadvantaged, who then turn that aggression against others who are lower on the social hierarchy.

Culture theory

theory that states prejudice is a learned behavior

intersectionality

holds that all gender, class, and race are all intertwined to create different levels of disadvantage

the salience principle

states that we categorize people by what is most distinctive in their appearance

Explicit bias

Conscious bias against someone or something

Implicit bias

unconscious bias against someone or something

ascribed status

status one is born into and cannot change

achieved status

status that can be achieved through personal qualities or hard work