DNA and RNA Structure, Replication, and Protein Synthesis Key Concepts

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What is the basic 3-part structure of a DNA nucleotide?

Phosphate + deoxyribose sugar + nitrogen base

What is the basic 3-part structure of an RNA nucleotide?

Phosphate + ribose sugar + nitrogen base

What are the base-pairing rules for DNA?

A-T and C-G

What forms the sides of the DNA ladder?

Sugar + phosphate backbone

What forms the rungs of the DNA ladder?

Nitrogen bases

What is Chargaff's Rule?

%A = %T and %C = %G

If DNA has 30% adenine, how much guanine is there?

20%

If DNA has 22% cytosine, how much thymine is there?

28%

What is DNA replication?

The process of copying DNA

Why is replication called semi-conservative?

Each new DNA has one old strand and one new strand

How are DNA and RNA similar?

Both made of nucleotides and carry genetic information

How are DNA and RNA different?

DNA = double strand, thymine; RNA = single strand, uracil

What are the two processes of protein synthesis?

Transcription and translation

Why is mRNA made?

To carry instructions from DNA to ribosome

What is the mRNA sequence for DNA: GATTACA?

CUAAUGU

Where does transcription occur?

Nucleus

Where are codons found?

On mRNA

What do codons code for?

Amino acids

Where does translation occur?

Ribosome (cytoplasm)

What structure reads mRNA?

Ribosome

What is the start codon?

AUG

What does tRNA do?

Brings amino acids to the ribosome

What is the final product of transcription?

mRNA

What is the final product of translation?

Protein

What is a mutation?

A change in DNA sequence

What is a point mutation?

A change in one base

What is a frameshift mutation?

Insertion or deletion that shifts the reading frame

Who discovered the structure of DNA?

James Watson and Francis Crick

Who took the X-ray image of DNA?

Rosalind Franklin

What is the shape of DNA?

Double helix

How is DNA replication different from protein synthesis?

Replication makes DNA; protein synthesis makes proteins