VETMED2K - Introduction to Canine Anatomy and Physiology & Canine Skeletal System and Arthrology

Flashcards for Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, focusing on vocabulary from the lecture notes.

Anatomy

Branch of morphology dealing with the form, structure, topography, and functional interaction of tissues and organs; from the Greek word 'Anatome' meaning 'to cut'.

Systemic Anatomy

Structures and organs that perform a common function in the body.

Macroscopic Anatomy

Examination of an animal's body parts using unaided eyesight; also known as 'Gross Anatomy'.

Microscopic Anatomy

Involves the use of optical instruments as an aid for the eyes, including Histology (study of tissues) and Cytology (study of cells).

Species

Group of living organisms consisting of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes and interbreeding.

Physiology

Branch of biology that deals with the function and activities of living organisms and their parts, involving physical or chemical processes.

S.C.A.L.P.

Acronym for the five layers of the scalp: Skin, Connective Tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Periosteum or Bone.

Epidermis Layers

Consists of Corneum, Lucidum (only on thick skin), Granulosum, Spinosum, and Basale.

Cranial

Directional term meaning 'towards the head'.

Caudal

Directional term meaning 'towards the tail'.

Dorsal

Directional term meaning 'towards the back'.

Ventral

Directional term meaning 'towards the belly'.

Medial

Directional term meaning 'towards the center'.

Lateral

Directional term meaning 'towards the side'.

Proximal

Directional term (limbs) meaning 'toward the trunk'.

Distal

Directional term (limbs) meaning 'away from the trunk'.

Rostral

Directional term meaning 'toward the nose'.

Dorsal (Paw)

Directional term meaning 'towards back of paw'.

Palmar

Directional term meaning 'toward the palm in front leg'.

Plantar

Directional term meaning 'toward the palm in hind leg'.

Abaxial

Away from the axis of digits.

External

Located outside.

Internal

Located inside.

Superficialis

Near surface.

Profunculus

Near the depth.

Nasal

Towards nose.

Superior

Above.

Inferior

Below.

Apical

Towards the apex.

Oral

Towards the mouth.

Anterior

Near the front.

Supine

Lay on back.

Prone

Lay on belly.

Median Plane

Plane dividing body into 2 equal lines - “Lina alba”.

Paramedian Plane

Plane parallel and located near the median.

Sagittal Plane

Plane parallel and distal to median.

Dorsal, Frontal, Horizontal Plane

Parallel to the dorsal surface.

Transverse Plane

Plane perpendicular to the long axis.

Nervous System

Complex network consisting of CNS and PNS; responsible for stimulus response, regulation, and coordination of other body systems.

Neurotransmitters

Chemical Transmitters used for communications between different cells and tissues.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Controls most body functions; receives and processes information from the PNS. Includes voluntary and involuntary functions.

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Consists of all the nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord.

Skull

Protects the brain.

Meninges

Protective membranes of the skull (Duramater, Arachnoid, Piamater).

Brain

Where all conscious info is processed.

Cerebrum

Where most voluntary movements and decisions occur, and where memory, consciousness, and learning are saved.

Cerebellum

Responsible for movement, coordination, and equilibrium.

Brainstem

Innervates the whole face and controls most involuntary/autonomic responses.

Grey Matter

Contained on the cortex of the cerebrum and cerebellum.

White Matter

Contained on the medulla of the cerebrum and cerebellum.

Spinal Cord

Transmits signals from PNS of the body to the brain and communicates response to the effector organs.

Reflex

An involuntary activity in an effector organ caused by stimulation of a receptor organ; fast, immediate, automatic, and involuntary.

Motor Nerves

Nerves from the brain/spinal cord that affect the muscles (movement, reflexes, and posture).

Sensory Nerves

Nerves that return to the brain/spinal cord and carry info such as pain from body structures to CNS.

Somatic Nervous System

Nerves that carry stimuli and response back and forth to the voluntary muscles (mostly skeletal muscle).

Autonomic Nervous System

Regulates involuntary bodily functions (respiration, circulation, digestion, metabolism, body temp, etc.).

Sympathetic NS

Controls the ‘fight or flight’ response; origin is thoracolumbar.

Noradrenaline

Principal neurotransmitter used in postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system.

Acetylcholine (AcH)

Another neurotransmitter used in preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system and the only neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system.

Parasympathetic NS

Controls ‘rest and digest’; origin is craniosacral.

Neurons

Basic functional units that constructs the nervous system.

Dendrites

Receive nervous impulse.

Axons

Transmit nervous impulse and form white matter.

Synapses

How neurons communicate with one another; chemical contact between axon and dendrite.

Glial Cells

Maintain the neurons protected, nourished, and gives support.

Myelin

Insulates the axon from extracellular fluid, speeds up the signal on the nerve fiber, and gives the color to white matter.

Pleural Cavity

When two complete sacs are formed after covering the lungs.

Body Cavities

Part of the trunk that can be divided into 3 different regions.

Abdominal and Pelvic Cavity

Direct continuation of abdominal cavity.

Diaphragm

Separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

Esophageal Hiatus

Where the esophagus, its blood vessels and vagus nerves pass.

Caval Foramen

Where caudal vena cava passes.

Aortic Hiatus

Where aorta and some other veins pass.

Pleuras

Serous membranes with in the thoracic vertebrae.

Intern Layers (Visceral)

Recovers the guts and some organs and form the Peritoneal cavity.

Pericardial cavity

Serous membranes that cover the heart.

Digestive System

Responsible for breakdown of food into smaller portion to be used by the body for energy, growth and cell renewal.

Mastication

Mostly voluntary except salivation secretion which depends on parasympathetic system.

Glandular Cells of the Stomach

What makes it function properly.

Parietal Cells

Synthesize HCL (Hydrochloric Acid).

Chief Cells

Synthesize Pepsinogen.

Enteroendocrine Cells

Elaborate Gastrin.

Small Intestine

Where most nutrient absorption occurs while food is being digested and made mostly w/ smooth muscle.

Duodenum

Main absorptive and secretive area.

Jejunum

Longest portion of SI.

Villi

Small projections that promote nutrient absorption in Jejenum.

Ileum

Connects w/ LI.

Peyer’s Patches

Important lymphatic nodules that help defend body from strange microorganisms.

Large Intestine

Re-absorb water used to digest food properly.

Colon

Its secretion is mostly mucous that makes defecation easier and is usually alkaline.

Anus

Final portion that communicates w/ the external environment.

Internal Anal Sphincter

Smooth muscle controlled by autonomic nervous system.

External Anal Sphincter

Skeletal muscle and Voluntary.

Liver

Cranial to the stomach in the thoracic section of abdominal cavity and vital for nutrient metabolism.

Bile

Secretion of liver and important for fat emulsification.

Gallbladder

Where bile is stored and released.

Pancreas

Both an endocrine and exocrine gland.

Chyme

Partially digested food.

Pancreatic Amylase

Complex carbs → simple sugars.

Pancreatic Lipase

Neutral fats → fatty acids and glycerin.