Glucose Control & Monitoring

Diabetes Mellitus

is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both.

Type 1

type of diabetes where there’s an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

Type 2

type of diabetes that involves insulin resistance combined with relative insulin deficiency.

Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine

Rapid-Acting insulin (15minutes)

Regular Insulin

Short-Acting Insulin (30-60minutes)

NPH Insulin

Intermediate-Acting (1-2hours)

Glargin, Detemir

Long-Acting (1-2hours no peak)

Degludec, Icoded

Ultra Long-Acting Insulin

Blood glucose monitoring

a cornerstone of diabetes management. Regular checks help track glucose levels, provide feedback on treatment effectiveness, and guide lifestyle adjustments.

Fingerstick (Self-monitoring Blood Glucose-SMBG) or Capillary Blood Glucose (CBG)

blood glucose measured through a fingerstick using a glucometer and test strips

Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM)

small sensor inserted inserted under the skin that provides continuous glucose level tracking

Flash Glucose Monitoring (FGM)

similar to CGM, but the user scans the sensor for glucose readings

Urine Glucose Testing

test glucose levels in urine using simple test strips

HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1c) Testing

measures average blood glucose over the last 2-3 months through a blood sample

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)

measures blood glucose levels after ingesting a glucose solution at intervals

General Adult (Non-Diabetic)

FBG: 70-99mg/dL

PPBG: <140mg/dL

Adults with Diabetes

FBG: 80-130mg/dL

PPBG: <180mg/dL

Pregnant Women (Without GDM)

FBG: 60-90mg/dL

PPBG: 120mg/dL

Pregnant Women (With GDM)

FBG: 95mg/dL (≤ 95mg/dL preferred)

PPBG: <120mg/dL

Children with Diabetes

FBG: 90-130mg/dL

PPBG: <180mg/dL

Elderly (Individualized Goals)

FBG: 90-150mg/dL

PPBG: <200mg/dL

Higher AUC

Indicates prolonged hyperglycemia, which may contribute to complications

Lower AUC

reflects better glycemic control