holt et al chpt 13

motivation

the processes that initiate, direct, & sustain goal-directed behaviour

intrinsic motivation

performing an activity for its own sake (interest, enjoyment)

extrinsic motivation

performing a task to obtain external rewards or avoid punishment

what is drive theory?

internal drives that motivate behaviour to restore homeostasis

What is incentive theory?

External stimuli "pull" people toward desired goals or rewards.

arousal theory

people seek an optimal level of arousal for performance (Yerkes-Dodson law)

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

a model of human motivation from physiological needs to self-actualisation

3 components of Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan)

autonomy, competence & relatedness

which hormones influence hunger & satiety

Ghrelin (hunger) & leptin (satiety)

What is the need for achievement (nAch)

the desire to accomplish challenging goals & excel (McClelland)

3 components of emotion

1. physiological arousal

2. cognitive appraisal

3. behavioural expression

what dies the James-Large theory propose?

that emotions result from bodily arousal - we feel fear because we tremble

What does the Cannon-Bard theory propose?

that arousal & emotion occur simultaneously

What does the Schachter-Singer two-factor theory propose?

that emotion= physiological arousal + cognitive label

What does Lazarus' cognitive appraisal theory suggest?

that emotion depends on how we interpret the situation

What did Ekman find about emotions?

that 6 basic emotions are universal:

1. Happiness

2. sadness

3. anger

4. fear

5. surprise

6. disgust

What factors contribute to happiness?

social connection, gratitude, purpose & genetics (about 40% influence