INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY

Toll-like receptors

detect conserved molecular patterns on pathogens and initiate an immune response. (PAMPS) . induce the defensive cells to release chemicals called cytokines.

Ciliary escalator

Keeps the mucus blanket moving toward the throat at a rate of 1 to 3 cm per hour; coughing and sneezing speed up the escalator

Commensalism

One organism uses the body of a larger organism as its physical environment and may make use of the body to obtain nutrients

Probiotics

Are live microbial cultures applied to or ingested that are intended to exert a beneficial effect

Lactic acid bacteria

Colonize the large intestine, the lactic acid and bacteriocins they produce can inhibit the growth of certain pathogens

Neutrophils

Are highly phagocytic and motile, are active in the initial stages of an infection

Basophils

release substances, such as histamine, that are important in inflammation and allergic responses

Eosinophils

Kill certain parasites, such as helminths

Monocytes

enter body tissues, and mature into macrophages

Dendritic cells

destroy microbes by phagocytosis and initiate adaptive immune responses

Lymphocytes

Include Natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells

Natural killer cells

Attack any body cells that display abnormal or unusual plasma membrane proteins

Perforin

which inserts into the plasma membrane of the target cell and creates channels in the membrane ( murag tubo e sud sa cell)

Granzymes

protein-digesting enzymes that induce the target cell to undergo apoptosis

Leukocytosis

Increase in the total number of white blood cells during bacterial infections as a protective response to combat the microbes

Chemotaxis

Is the chemical attraction of phagocytes to microorganisms.

Adherence

s the attachment of the phagocyte’s plasma membrane to the surface of the microorganism or other foreign material

Opsonization

- A coating process of microorganism with certain serum proteins that promote attachment of the microorganism to the phagocyte so they can be readily phagocytized

Ingestion

The plasma membrane of the phagocyte extends projections called pseudopods that engulf the microorganism

Digestion

the phagosome pinches off from the plasma membrane and enters the cytoplasm, where it contacts lysosomes that contain digestive enzymes and bactericidal substances

Kinins

They play a role in chemotaxis by attracting phagocytic granulocytes, chiefly neutrophils, to the injured area

Prostaglandins

intensify the effects of histamine and kinins and help phagocytes move through capillary walls.

Leukotrienes

Cause increased permeability of blood vessels and help attach phagocytes to pathogens

Chemokines

Are cytokines that are chemotactic for phagocytes and T cells and thus stimulate both the inflammatory response and an adaptive immune response

Stroma

Is the supporting connective tissue

Parenchyma

Is the functioning part of the tissue

Cytokines interleukin-1

These cytokines cause the hypothalamus to release prostaglandins that reset the hypothalamic thermostat at a higher temperature

Interleukin-1

Helps step up the production of T cells

Crisis

Heat-losing mechanism such as vasodilation and sweating occurs

Classical Pathway

It is initiated when antibodies bind to antigens

Alternative Pathway

Activated by contact between certain complement proteins and a pathogen

Lectin Pathway

When macrophages ingest bacteria, viruses, and other foreign matter by phagocytosis, they release cytokines that stimulate the liver to produce lectins, proteins that bind to carbohydrates

Cytolysis

disruption of cells

Interferons

the ability to interfere with viral infections in host cells

Gamma interferon

Plays a key role in activating macrophages and enhancing the immune response against pathogens. Slows the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) and lessens the frequency and severity of MS attacks

Immunoglobulin

Another term for antibodies

Humoral immunity

immune actions taking place in these extracellular fluids, brought about by protective molecules called antibodies

ANTIGENS

Substances that induce production of antibodies

Valence

The number of antigen-binding sites on an antibody

Monomer

Simplest structure

PAMPs

Serve as warning flags of an invading organism that the host can recognize by means of receptors

IgG

the most abundant antibodies

IgA

Found in mucosal areas such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as in saliva, tears, and breast milk.

IgM

The first antibody produced during an initial immune response.

IgE

nvolved in allergic reactions and responses to parasitic infections.

IgD

Primarily found on the surface of immature B cells.

Affinity

The strength of the bond between antigen and antibody