prof says how can u be a feminist if u study sex differnces

well the UNH studies why females die from heart attacks more than men and y presenting symtoms of different.

meta analysis

statistical technique that allows u to compare all papers across all papers

The book gender differences and meta analysis show two general findings

females advantage - verbal fluency and perceptual motor speed.

Male advantage - spatial tests

gender differences historically were done by

pencil and paper currently they are administered online

Manual sequence test

They repeat a hand movment or motor sequence anf count how many times they can do it in a set amount of time.

female mean is higher

Purdue pegboard

Put the peg in every other hole or told to create a pattern, this shows motor control that is vital for assembly line jobs. Shows manual dexerity bc u have to do it once with ur left/right hand.

females outperform men

Manual sequence box

Press the button/lever and pull the bar and count the # of times they can do so in a min or 30 sec.

female mean is higher

Identical picture test

look at the target stimulus on the left hand side and then look at the array of stimuli to the right, which is identical to the target stimulus.

females are better

Language tests

Identical picture test, fluency test

Fluency test

u can do this in a # of ways like how many words start with the letter F and and count the # they can generate. Or paper and ask them to circle as many words start with F.

Eskstrom battery

The paper folding test comes from a Big battery of intellectual tests called _ which they still give to kids

paper folding test

which would u get if u folded a 2d picece of paper

Males outperform females

Mental rotation

created by rogers sheapred in a drwam, its known as spatialk visulation. how well u can visualize an object when its in different orientation. prof gave example of dentist.

The embedded fiqures test

comes from gestalt psyc

tests how well someone can recognize a spatial confiquration when its embedded in a larger more complex array.

The perception of horizontality

Pigat water jug draw a line were the water would be, and the rod and frame test, put in a dark room and told to fix a frame. Males out perform females on frame test.

Map destination and maze solving

males outprofremed females in both virtual and real life

Temporal dimension

game of darts males outperform females

navigation abilites

males use an orietntion starteory aka they use distance cues (cardinal directions) females use plantar cues aka landmark cues.

At keel the tunnel blindfolded expierment

males get back to the point of orgin blindfoled faster

Spaatial ability is not one thing it is a collection of

competences that are related to one another but separate

Pushback on gender differnces

1- some places cognitive abilities in sex are small the effect size is not good. aka u get a statscially signficant differnces between 2 groups.

2- Sex differnecs reflect group differnces. the within group varability is always larger than the between group variability.

3- the effects of socilatztion which is if boys are better at spatil tests its bc of how we raise them like the toys we give them

Effect size

a quantitative measure of the strength of phenomenon

steroid hormones are implicated in

spatial sex differences in both human and non human species

The organizational effects of hormones (OEOH)

permanet hormonal infulences that occur in utero during a senstive or critical period.

(OEOH) The brain is masulinized or feminized bc of

prenatal hormones

(OEOH) a decrease in spatial abilites

associated with an increase in estrogen levels

(OEOH) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAH

can be female or male and haveTwo x chromosomes or an x. y chromosome. But in utero are exposed to higher levels of testosterone. Both females and males show enhanced spatial ability.

(OEOH) Turner syndrome

in girls only that lack one of the chromosomes, their a deficiency prentally in the gonadal hormones. Girls have no differnces on IQ between normal girls but did have worse spatial ability like mental rotation.

Activational hormonal effects

these are shorter term effects that are due to naturally occuring transient fluctuations in hormonal levels.

estrogen in the menstrual cycle

days 1- 5 its the lowest

estrogen during the ovulation stage

we see a surge and the secondary surge is the mid luteal phase where it goes up but not as high as during ovulation.

pill study found that

females do best on a mental rotation test during their menstrual cycle aka on their period

Testosterone is highest during the autumn than the spring

in western hemisphere

testosterone varies diurnally

better in the morning

an upside of menopause is that

you get better at mental rotation ability.

Proximate causation concerns

the direct mechanisms that bring something about ie features in the enviroment or hormones in the body or social experineces or parameters of the physical environment. (looks at the lifespan.)

Ontogenetic factors

ie features in the enviroment or hormones in the body or social experineces or parameters of the physical environment.

One standard deviation

The effect size for mental rotation test, that means only 1 in four females will reach or exceed the male mean in mental rotation test.

The effect size for 2d mental rotation tests is considerably

smaller than the effect size for the three d mental rotation tests.

females in yokohama outperorm our

york uni males

There a homogeneity in effect sizes for the

mental rotation test

one place without male advantage

inuit populations on baffin isalnd a more homogenous group they have 28 words for snow

As young as three

males out perform 3 year old females in mentak rotation tasks and this remains constant after adolenece.

morris watermeys task
(using rats)

males outperform female rat and females rats use landmark rather than ?

if u give girls practice for 30 min after school in mental rotation tasks

they get better in math

females tend to be cautious test taskers they do better when we take away the time limit and say do it and come back.

this effects our ability to mentally rotate objects

boys look at faces vs males looked at the tracter more

women have better memory for detail when put into a room and asked later what they recalled was in it, they gave more details and males just said idk stuff I have bad memory.

boys are more likley to be

autistic and color blind and have speech promblems

state of nature

a place without laws or govermnet

rousseau

are basically good in nature but social struces that aliant us from or good nature

nash equilbrium

no one is hurting anyone