APWH: Modern - "5.3-5.10"

Textiles

cloth items

Spinning Jenny

A machine that could spin several threads at once

Water frame

powered by water; turned out yarn much faster than cottage spinning wheels, led to development of mechanized looms

James Hargreaves

invented the spinning jenny

Richard Arkwright

Invented the water frame

Factory System

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

Agricultural Revolution

A time when new inventions such as the seed drill and the steel plow made farming easier and faster. The production of food rose dramatically.

crop rotation

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

seed drill

created by Jethro Tull, it allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths; this boosted crop yields

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid growth in the use of machines in manufacturing and production that began in the mid-1700s

industrialization

The development of industries for the machine production of goods.

cottage industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution.

Eli Whitney

Invented the cotton gin, revolutionized interchangeable parts

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

division of labor

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

specialization of labor

To train or specialize people in certain areas of work so that people can accomplish tasks quicker

assembly line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Enclosure Movement

The 18th century privatization of common lands in England, which contributed to the increase in population and the rise of industrialization.

Capital

money for investment

seaways

inland waterways capable of accommodating seagoing ships; one of Britain's geographical advantages

raw materials

the basic material from which a product is made.

Manchester

City in England; one of the leading industrial areas; example of an Industrial Revolution City; first major rail line linked Liverpool to this location in 1830.

Liverpool

City and one of the largest ports in England; first major rail line linked this location to Manchester in 1830.

Transiberian Railroad

allowed easier exporting of goods.
provided transportation through the Ural Mountains.
allowed more people to settle in Siberia.

human capital

the knowledge and skills a worker gains through education and experience

company rule

the rule or dominion of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent.

coal

a combustible black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel.

coaling stations

seaports where naval ships could fill up with coal

Alexander Graham Bell

credited with inventing the telephone

Guglielmo Marconi

Italian electrical engineer known as the father of radio (1874-1937)

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

steam engine

a heat engine that performs mechanical work using steam as its working fluid.

James Watt

Scottish engineer and inventor whose improvements in the steam engine led to its wide use in industry (1736-1819).

steel

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

oil

a viscous liquid derived from petroleum, especially for use as a fuel or lubricant.

Second Industrial Revolution

(1871-1914) Involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production.

Mamluks

Under the Islamic system of military slavery, Turkic military slaves who formed an important part of the armed forces of the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth and tenth centuries. They eventually founded their own state, ruling Egypt and Syria (1250-1517)

Muhammad Ali

Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

Commodore Matthew Perry

the commodore of the u.s. navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the west

Zaibatsu

Large conglomerate corporations through which key elite families exerted a great deal of political and economic power in Imperial Japan. By WWII, four of them controlled most of the economy of Japan.

automatic loom

allowed clothes to be made at a faster rate and changed bobbins automatically without stopping.

Meiji Restoration

In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Charter Oath

A five point policy issued by Japan's Meiji emperor, which described Japan's plan for modernization calling for democracy, equality of class, rejection of outdated customs, and acceptance of foreign knowledge.

corporations

businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock

stockholders

people or entities that own stock in a corporation and therefore are its owners

stock market

A general term used to describe all transactions involving the buying and selling of stock shares issued by a company.

monopoly

Complete control of a product or industry by one person or group

Cecil Rhodes

British entrepreneur and politician involved in the expansion of the British Empire from South Africa into Central Africa. The colonies of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) were named after him.

transnational

extending or operating across national boundaries

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

prominent bank established and based in Hong Kong since 1865 when Hong Kong was a colony of the British Empire.

Unilever Corporation

A British, Dutch venture, focused on household goods- most famously, soap.

Consumerism

a movement advocating greater protection of the interests of consumers

Urbanization

the growth of cities

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

socialism

a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Friedrich Engels

socialist who wrote the Communist Manifesto with Karl Marx in 1848 (1820-1895)

Communist Manifesto (1848)

A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.

means of production

the tools, factories, land, and investment capital used to produce wealth

Communism

A theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state; radical socialism

John Stuart Mill

English philosopher and economist remembered for his interpretations of utilitarianism (1806-1873); championed legal reforms to allow labor unions, limit child labor and ensure safe working conditions in factories

Utilitarianism

idea that the goal of society should be to bring about the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people

labor unions

An organization formed by workers to strive for better wages and working conditions

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production - the working class

Bourgeoisie

the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people

Bushido

The Feudal Japanese code of honor among the warrior class.

Genros

the elder statesmen of Japan who formerly advised the emperor.

Mahmud II

Ottoman sultan; built a private, professional army; fomented revolution of Janissaries and crushed them with private army; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents

Tanzimat

'Restructuring' reforms by the nineteenth-century Ottoman rulers, intended to move civil law away from the control of religious elites and make the military and the bureaucracy more efficient.

Hatt-i Humayun (Ottoman Reform Edict)

A far reaching reform decree issued by Sultan Abdul-Mejid I in 1856. The decree created a national citizenship by taking away the political authority of the empire's religious leaders. It tried to remove cultural divisions by making people from all cultures and religions eligible to serve in the government.

Millets

self-governing religious communities

Self-Strengthening Movement

late 19th century movement in China to counter the challenge from the West; led by provincial leaders

Emperor Guangxu

in 1898, he implemented the Hundred Days of Reform with a series of reforms such as: westernized government, schools & military

Hundred Days of Reform

A series of Western-style reforms launched in 1898 by the Chinese government in an attempt to meet the foreign challenge.

Empress Cixi

the dowager empress who encouraged and promoted the Boxer rebellion

mass production

the efficient production of large numbers of identical goods

Tenement

A building in which several families rent rooms or apartments, often with little sanitation or safety

slums

an overcrowded, dirty area of a city where the housing is usually in very poor condition

working class

A social class broadly composed of people working in blue-collar, or manual, occupations; during the industrial revolution, labored in factories and coal mines

white-collar

factory and office managers, small business owners and professionals