ARTHIST 221 FINAL

characteristics of severe style

- 480-450 bce "transition period"

- contrapposto

- idealization

- more natural movement

- faces w/ heavy chins and thick eyelids

- long, braided hair

- heavy doughy drapery

characteristics of high classical sculpture

- 450-400 bce

- contrapposto

- idealized naturalism; appearance rather than reality

- movement and relaxation

- facial expressions showing peace and tranquility

- female drapery revealing the anatomy of the body ("rich" style)

- ideology of male nudity

- Temple of Aphaia at Aegina

- 480-400 bce (severe/high-classical pd)

- exterior doric columns; columns are slimmer and lean inwards

- continued experiments in proportion and measurement

- aphaia is a version of aphrodite, depicted on pidements

- two pediments, likely made by two different workshops (west is stiff and angular, east is more naturalistic)

- East pediment from Temple of Aphaia

480 bce (severe style pd)

- at temple of aphaia at aegina

- more naturalistsic of the 2 pediments

- bodies are more twisted and posed in a realistic way

- West pediment from Temple of Aphaia

480 bce (severe style pd)

- at temple of aphaia at aegina

- more stiff and angular of the 2 pediments

- everything looks posed

- Temple of Zeus at Olympia

470-457/6 bce (severe style pd)

- founded by spoils of Elis' victory over Pisa

- architect was Libon of Elis

- built by blocks of local limestone covered with stucco

- doric style temple; biggest temple before the parthenon

- contained a large cult statue of zeus

- eventually collapsed

- East pediment from Temple of Zeus at Olympia

470-457/6 bce (severe style pd)

- scene of preparation for the charioteer race between pelops and king of pisa (oinomaos)

- 5 central figures (L-->R) are sterope, oinomaos, zeus, pelops, and hippodemeia

- king is looking for a husband for his daughter, makes them compete and always lose; pelops wins by cheating

- large zeus shows justice and that you're being watched by him when competing

- smaller figure in corners are cowering in fear from the central god

- figures laying down are personifications of rivers

- West pediment from Temple of Zeus at Olympia

470-457/6 bce (severe style pd)

- scene of lapiths and centaurs fighting at wedding of peirithoos

- very chaotic; drunk centaurs attacking people

- central figure of apollo but unknown why (not linked to sanctuary or story)

- apollo shows loss of archaic smile and more severe facial expression

- Metopes from Temple of Zeus at Olympia

470-457/6 (severe style pd)

- 12 sculpted marble metopes placed above front and back porches

- depicted labors of hercules

- Temple E at Selinus

460-450 bce (severe style pd)

- at selinus (italy)

- more elongated than temple of zeus at olympia

- diverse metopes

Metopes from Temple E

- 460-450 bce (severe style pd)

- at selinus (italy)

- ex. herakles fighting amazon, zeus and hera, & death of aktaion

Kritios Boy

- 480 bce (severe style pd)

- from acropolis in athens

- created by kritios

- original marble, smaller than lifesize

- last of archaic kouroi, among the first of new figures in which movement of the body is organically explored

- early depiction of contrapposto

- face has big chin, flat cheeks, thick eyelids, and a composed expression, rolled hair (traits of severe style)

The Blonde Ephebe

- 485 bce (severe style pd)

- from acropolis in athens

- only head was found

- buried after war with the persians

- great example of severe style

Charioteer of Delphi

- 478-474 bce (severe style pd)

- from sanctuary of apollo at delphi

- casted bronze; 8 separate pieces

- likely dedicated after a victory; likely a "thank you" for apollo

- originally part of larger group consisting of more horses and chariots

- severe style face, not able to see see anatomy underneath clothing

- eyes inlaid with glass; copper used on lips; silver used on teeth

Riace Warriors

- 460-450 bce (severe style pd)

- original bronze from sea near Riace in south italy

- identity of figures is unknown

- shows advances in understanding of anatomy that goes beyond anything at olympia

- tells us how much we are missing (best pieces were likely in bronze, which were later melted down)

The Tyrannicides

- 477/76 bce (severe style pd)

- roman copy of originals by Kritios and Nesiotes

- dedicated in the agora in athens

- both figures have severe style face

- harmodios (right) and aristogeiton (left)

- older man (aristogeiton) lunges forward with one arm outstretched holding cloak & one arm back holding a weapon

- depicted lovers (common in greece for older men to have relations with younger boys

- decided to kill Hipparchus, brother of the tyrant (absolute ruler)

- one figure was replaced after original was stolen by persians

God from Artemision

- 460 bce (severe style pd)

- mostly bronze, survived because it was stolen

- unknown if its zeus of poseidon (holding a thunderbolt or trident?)

- figure is still fairly rigid and heavy, shows movement but not as well; limbs are very long

- commanding presence

Berlin Painter

- 500-480/60 bce (severe style pd)

- attic greek vase painter who is widely regarded among one of the most talented of the 5th century

- common depiction of isolated characters

Psykter

- 500-460 bce (severe style pd)

- psykter by Douris

- used to cool wine

- depicts symposium of satyrs (followed dionysos, god of wine)

Attic red figure calyx krater

- 460-450 bce (severe style pd)

- by noibid painter

- depicts apollo and artemis slaughtering the children of niobe, who boasted the number of her children to the goddess Leto (who only had 2)

- reverse of krater shows herakles, athena, and other heroes

- figures distributed in various postures and multiple groundlines

Tomb of the Diver

- 480 bce (severe style pd)

- from poseidonia

- painted stucco on travertine slabs

- depicts scene of typical symposium on its 4 sides; scene of diver on underside of the ceiling

Attic red figure bell krater

- 470-460 bce (severe style pd)

- by Pan Painter

- depicts death of aktaion; artemis is drawing her bow to deliver grace to aktaion, whose dogs attack him

- little exploration of space

- pouty lips, small ear, eye rendered as a dot

Penthesilea Painter

- 470-460 bce (severe style pd)

- bowl from italy

- depicts slaying of penthesilea by achilles

- work is charcterized by large, space filling figures with bent postures to fit within on the vessel

the parthenon

- 447-432 bce (high classical period)

- doric temple (with ionic features) built in athens

- built by iktinos & kallikrates

- exterior columns were doric, interoir columns were ionic

- contained statue of athena

- curved taper of columns (entasis)

- 92 total metopes, 2 pediments, & one large frieze going across entire building

parthenon metope

- 447-440 bce (high classical period)

- from parthenon in athens

- depicts struggle between lapith and centaur

parthenon frieze

- 442-438 bce (high classical period)

- from parthenon in athens

- position made it impossible to see, so maybe an afterthought?

- scenes of horsemen preparing, deities sitting, peplos scene, and various other human & animal figures

east pediment of parthenon

- 437-432 bce (high classical period)

- from parthenon in athens

- depicts birth of athena from her father's head, zeus

- joined by hephaistos and hera

- shown at dawn due to emerging horse heads

west pediment of parthenon

- 437-432 bce (high classical period)

- from parthenon in athens

- depicts contrast between athena & poseidon as to who will be patron deity of athens; chariot groups on either side

the propylaea

- 437-432 bce (high classical period)

- enterance to acropolis in athens

- built by mnesikles

- doric columns on exterior & ionic columns on either side of main passage on interior

- large staircases & ramp for animals

- two rooms on either side, thought to be for displaying paintings (debated)

- entrance leads directly to altar

temple of athena nike

- built between 426-421 bce (high classical period)

- at acropolis in athens

- designed by kallikrates (same architect from parthenon)

- uses ionic columns to contrast with the rest of the gateway

- east frieze has congregation of divinities; south frieze has greeks fighting persians; west frieze had greeks fighting greeks (all are fights/wars, fitting as "nike" means victory)

the erechtheion

- built 430-405 bce (high classical period)

- at acropolis in athens

- designed by mnesikles

- ionic temple with some doric elements

- peculiarly shaped temple

- large front enterance & smaller side enterance

- has walls with windows (rarely seen)

- features 6 columns in the shape of women (caryatid); votive statues that paid homage to the king of athens

- had wooden statue of athena made from an olive tree

diskobolos by myron

- 450 bce (high classical period)

- from athens

- famous sculptor Myron

- new and unexpected pose

- hairstyle seems old-fashioned and reminiscent of heads from olympia

- pictured is a marble roman copy of the greek bronze original

doryphoros of polykleitos

- 450-440 bce (high classical period)

- from pompeii (italy)

- famous sculptor Polykleitos

- statue exemplifies Polykleitos' book The Kanon

- role of statue is unknown (votive? funerary? unknown)

- figure is unknown, though likely achilles

- in a "walking stance" since back foot is almost completely off the ground

- holding spear but not attacking, depicts debate between attention vs relaxation

- pictured is a marble roman copy of the greek bronze original

amphora by achilles painter

- 460-420 bce (high classical period)

- from athens

- made by achilles painter

- red-figure amphora

- figure is very similar to Doryphoros by Polykleitos, achilles maybe?

- fully clothed by genitals are still visible (idea of showing the body, "heroic nudity")

diadoumenos by polykleitos

- 430 bce (high classical period)

- from delos (cyclades)

- famous sculptor Polykleitos

- arms held high to tie ribbon around his head

- thought to be apollo or just an athlete

- very casual, shows relaxation after victory

- pictured is a marble roman copy of the greek bronze original

Cat Stele

- 430 bce (high classical period)

- from aegina

- used as a grave marker

- depicts dead youth accompanied by a mourning boy attendant and a cat sitting on top of a stele

- above cat is a birdcage, where the boy reaches while holding a bird in his other hand

- evokes style of parthenon figures by youth's rounded skull, small mouth, large eye, unruly hair, and faraway expression (not severe style)

grave stele from paros

- 450-440 bce (high classical period)

- from paros (cyclades)

- used as a grave marker

- depicts young girl holding birds, almost kissing one

- children were often depicted with their pets on steles

grave stele for hegeso

- 410-400 bce (high classical period)

- from kerameikos cemetery in athens

- used as a grave marker

- figure of hegeso is picking jewelry our of a box with assistance from a servant

- garments exemplify transparency of 5th century

- faces are emotionally inexpressive

nike by paionios

- 420 bce (high classical period)

- from olympia

- sculptor Paionios

- placed as akroteria on top of tall monument/column

- depicts moment of touching down, still hovering in flight with wings

- dedicated to celebrate the military victory of messenians and naupaktians, flying in to crown the winning city

meidias painter hydria

- 420-390 bce (high classical period)

- from athens

- made by Meidias painter

- very large hydria, likely monumental and not for practical use (likely wedding gift)

- main register depicts Dioskouroi and their chariots arriving to carry off the stolen daughters of Leucippos; approved by gods as zeus and hera are sitting nearby

- lower register depicts herakles in the garden of Hesperides (daughters of the evening) with golden apple tree

- setting is sanctuary of aphrodite

Temple of Apollo Epikourios

- 429-427 bce (late classical period)

- from archaeological site at Bassae of Phigaleia

- made by Ictinus

- Earliest known example of a Corinthian Capital

- Doric exterior, Ionic interior

Grave Monument of Nikeratos and his son Polyxenos

- 320 bce (late classical period)

- From tomb in Kallithea (in athens)

- tomb of a family of metics (free non-citizens)

Grave Monument for Dexileos

- 394 bce (late classical period)

- from Diplyon cemetery in Athens

- made by Dexileos sculptor

- depicts athenian cavalryman named Dexileos who died in the Corinthian War against Sparta

Ilissos Stele

- 330 bce (late classical period)

- found near river Ilissos (athens)

- notable for number and variety of figures (old man, youth, boy, & dog)

The Nereid Monument

- 390-350 bce (late classical period)

- from Lycia (asia minor)

- tomb that mimics an ionic temple; build for ruler of Lycia & his family

The Mausoleum at Halikarnassos

- 350 bce (late classical period)

- in asia minor

- pytheos may have been sculptor

- one of the seven wonders

- incorporated egyptian and persian style elements

Athena

- 350 bce (late classical period)

- from warehouse in Piraeus (athens)

- possibly by Sulla

- bronze original

Eirene (peace) holding the child Ploutos (wealth)

- 370 bce (late classical period)

- from athens

- by Kephisodotos

- roman copy of original; new depiction of mother holding child, creating a personification of peace and wealth

Hermes and Dionysos

- 340 bce (late classical period)

- from temple of hera at Olympia

- by Praxiteles

- depicts hermes holding his younger brother dionysos in his arms (mortal activity)

Apollo Sauroktonos

- 350 bce (late classical period)

- from athens ??

- by Praxiteles

- "lizard slayer"

- depicts a young apollo looking at a lizard on a stump (myth that he killed a dragon)

Praxiteles Satyr

- 370-360 bce (late classical period)

- from athens ??

- by Praxiteles

- depicts satyrs in a more humanistic view

Aphrodite of Knidos

- 350 bce (late classical period)

- from Knidos (asia minor)

- by Praxiteles

- depicts aphrodite bathing herself, getting spotted by the viewer and covering herself up

Antikythera

- 350 bce (late classical period)

- found in sea (probably heading to rome)

- depicts perseus holding the head of medusa

- bronze

Dancing Maenad

- 395-350 bce (late classical period)

- from athens

- by Skopas

- depicts maenad (female satyr) dancing

Apoxyomenos

- 330-320 bce (late classical period)

- from athens ??

- by Lysippos

- depicts athlete scraping the oil from his body

Herakles Farnese

- 330-320 bce (late classical period)

- from athens ??

- by Lysippos

- depicts Herakles holding apples behind his back (myth that he stole apples from the Garden of the Hesperides)

Alexander Schwarzenberg

- 335-320 bce (late classical period)

- from athens ??

- by Lysippos

- sculpture of alexander the great, king of macedonia (identifiable by hairstyle)

Alexander Sarcophagus

- 325-311 bce (late classical period)

- from Sidon royal necropolis

- was likely for king of Sidon, but called "alexander sarcophagus" due to sculptural depictions of alexander in battle

Facade and Fresco from Tomb of Philip II

- 335-315 bce (late classical period)

- from tomb at Vergina

- mixture of doric and ionic features

- has painted frieze depicting a hunting scene

Tomb of Persephone

- 340 bce (late classical period)

- from Vergina

- wall painting depicting hades capturing persephone

Great Altar of Zeus from Pergamon

- 180-150 bce (high hellenistic pd)

- from pergamon/pergamum (asia minor)

- built by King Emends II

- built to mark successful victory over Gaul revolt; made to thank Zeus for victory

- reminiscent of Athenian Acropolis

- Ionic colonnade surrounded by friezes

- center has sacrificial altar

Gigantomachy Frieze

- 180-150 bce (high hellenistic pd)

- from great altar of zeus from pergamon (asia minor)

- nearly 200 figures

- depicts fights between gods (athena, zeus) and giants; figures with wings denote nikes (shows victory)

- faces show pathos/strong feelings of emotion (new feature)

Laocoon

- 3rd-1st cent. bce (debated due to discovery of figures from a cave at Sperlonga, which confuses chronology)

- by hagesandros, athanadoros, and polydoros

- from rome (italy)

- depicts Laocoon and his two sons getting attacked by snakes (called on by poseidon since Laocoon was going to warn Troy about the Trojan Horse)

Gaul Ludovisi

- 220 bce (high hellenistic pd)

- from Pergamon (where victory was against Gauls)

- made by Epigonus

- "dying gaul" (Gaul denoted by mustache)

- roman copy; part of bigger group of dedications known as the Large Gauls (included Gaul and his wife)

- man is trumpeter (broken trumpet on ground)

Gaul and his Wife

- 220 bce (high hellenistic pd)

- from Pergamon (where victory was against Gauls)

- made by Epigonus

- depicts Gaul man (mustache) killing himself after killing his wife to prevent her from becoming a slave

- roman copy

Votive offering for Victory over the Gauls

- 150 bce (high/late hellenistic pd)

- from acropolis (athens)

- pergamene king attalos II dedicated votive offering at acropolis celebrating the victory over the Gauls

Nike of Samothrace

- late 3rd-early 2nd cent bce (high hellenistic pd)

- from samothrace

- by Pythokritos

- depicts nike landing from flight, wings still outstretched

- likely a ship battle due to her landing on a ship

- back is poor quality, not meant to be seen from all angles

Terme Boxer

- 100-50 bce (late hellenistic pd)

- from rome (Italy)

- found with hellenistic ruler statue

- bronze original

- broken nose, swollen ears, bleeding wounds (debated whether or not he won or lost the fight)

- pose and hair is reminiscent of classical style

Marsyas's Punishment

- late 2nd cent. bce (high/late hellenistic pd)

- from rome (Italy)

- made of red/purple stone

- depicts Marsyas, a satyr, being hung and skinned because he said he was a better flute player than Apollo

Drunken Old Woman

- 3rd cent bce (early/high hellenistic pd)

- from Smyrna (asia minor)

- made by Myron

- roman copy

- old woman is seated holding a vessel of wine (maybe prostitute??)

- comparison can be made to Dancing Maenad --> maenads are related to Dionysos, god of wine, and woman is drunk

Old Woman

- 2nd cent bce (high/late hellenistic pd)

- from Smyrna (asia minor)

- made by Myron

- woman is likely a merchant; shoulder exposed alludes to sexual undertones, maybe an old prostitute?

- purpose is unknown, votive?? humorous??

Old Fisherman

- 200 bce (high hellenistic pd)

- from Aphrodisias (Asia Minor)

- depicts an elderly fisherman

- depicting elderly common people became popularized during the hellenistic period

Demosthenes

- 280 bce (early hellenistic pd)

- from Agora in Athens

- by Polyeuktos

- depicts Demosthenes, greek statesman who played lead role in uprising against Alexander the Great

Homer

- 2nd cent bce (high/late hellenistic pd)

- from rome (Italy)

- depicts Homer, blind poet who created the Iliad and the Odyssey

- statue is blind, lack of pupils

- headband and full beard = important figure

Hellenistic Ruler

- 150 bce (high/late hellenistic pd)

- found in Roman house on the Esquiline (italy)

- bronze original

- depicts young hellenistic ruler with heavy and over-muscular body

- has thin/short beard depicted by carvings in the face

Bronze Boy Jockey

- 200-150 bce (high hellenistic pd)

- recovered from shipwreck off of Cape Artemision, likely headed to Rome

- Boy is depicted as foreigner, therefore small in size compared to the Roman horse

- horse is branded with inscription of Nike crowning victory

Attic red figure pelike

- 360-350 bce (late classical pd)

- by Marsyas Painter

- from athens???

- depicts peleus, thetis, eros, and nymphs

- interest in fully nude female figures (new)

- white is used to signify nudity (clothed women are depicted in red figure)

Aphrodite by Doidalsas

- 200-150 bce (high hellenistic pd)

- from Anatolia (asia minor)

- by Doidalsas

- roman copy

- new crouching pose

- aphrodite is surprised at her bath, hence why she is crouched and covering herself

Aphrodite from Melos

- 125-75 bce (late hellenistic pd)

- from Melos (cyclades)

- by Alexandros of Antioch

- depicts praxitelean S-curve; face and anatomy is late classical type

- "venus de milo"

Aphrodite with Slipper from Delos

- 100 bce (late hellenistic pd)

- from clubhouse of the Poseidoniasts of Berytos (Delos)

- by Dionysios of Beryttos

- "slipper-slapper group"

- depicts aphrodite, pan, and eros; nude aphrodite rebuffs an importunate Pan, one hand sheilding genitals while another holds a slipper; Eros is seen between the two playfully pushing Pan away

- mood is good humored and gently erotic

Sleeping Hermaphrodite

- 2nd century BCE (high/late hellenistic pd)

- found in Rome (Italy)

- original sculptor is unknown; Bernini sculpted the mattress the figure lays on in 1600s

- depictions of hermaphrodites was increasingly common in hellenistic period

- you have to look from back side of sculpture to really see that it is a hermaphrodite (common in this period for pieces intended to be viewed from different angles)

Satyr and Hermaphrodite

- 2nd cent bce (high/late hellenistic pd)

- from rome (italy)

- depicts satyr and hermaphrodite in a shuffle

Faun Barberini

- 220 bce (high hellenistic pd)

- from Pergamon ??

- by Giuseppe Giorgetti ??

- depicts a sleeping faun, roman equivalent of the greek satyr

- shows mind at rest & body relaxed

- restored by Bernini in 1600s

Mount Nemrut

- 50-35 bce (late hellenistic pd)

- in southeastern Turkey (asia minor)

- built by King Antiochus I of Commagene

- summit where a number of large statues are erected around what is assumed to be a royal tomb

- statues include King Antiochus I, two lions, two eagles, and various greek & iranian gods (including herakles, apollo, hermes, and zeus)

- at one point, the heads of the statues were removed and are now placed variously all over the site

Tyche of Antiocheia

- 290-280 bce (early hellenistic pd)

- by Eutychides (pupil of Lysippos)

- from rome (italy)

- roman copy of bronze original

- full of symbols; female figure represents the wealth and good fortune of Antioch, a city in modern day turkey

- the man beneath her feet represents the Orontes river