UNIT 4 AP HUG

POLITICAL PATTERNS AND PROCESSES

African Union (AU)

A continental organization of African states that seeks to drive Africa’s growth and economic development through cooperation and integration of member states

allegiance

Loyalty or commitment to a country

antecedent boundary

A boundary that was identified before an area was settled

Arctic Circle

Area defined by the 66 degrees, 34 minutes north latitude line

Arctic Council

An international governmental forum that promotes interaction among the Arctic states and indigenous communities on common Arctic issues, particularly sustainable development and environmental protection

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)

A regional intergovernmental organization comprising 10 countries in Southeast Asia to promote intergovernmental cooperation and facilitate economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in the region

borderland

A region straddling both sides of an international boundary where national cultures overlap and blend to varying degrees

boundary

A clearly demarcated line that marks both the limits of a territory and divisions between territories; often called a border at the global scale

buffer state

A politically and economically weak independent country that lies between the borders of two powers

choke point

A narrow passage that restricts traffic to another region

consequent boundary

A boundary that is drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences

core areas

A small territorial nucleus from which a country grows in area and over time

core states

States that have the most advanced industrial and military technologies, complex manufacturing systems, external political power, and the highest levels of wealth and mass consumption

cracking

Gerrymandering a voting district by dividing opposition votes into many districts, thus diluting the opposition’s vote to ensure it does not form a majority in any district

cultural cohesion

Cultural unity; occurs when the members of a society are culturally united

delimited

Describing how boundaries are fixed or defined to identify their limits

demarcated

Describing how boundaries are set apart to distinguish their limits

demilitarized zone (DMZ)

An area in which treaties or agreements between nations, military powers, or contending groups forbid military installations, activities, or personnel; usually lies along an established frontier or boundary between two or more military powers or alliances

democratization

Occurs when a sovereign state moves from a non-democracy to a democracy

devolution

The movement of power from the central government to regional governments within the state

domestic terrorism

Acts by individuals or groups against the citizens or government of their own country

economies of scale

Cost advantages that can come with a larger scale of operations

effective sovereignty

The idea that a state’s power to enforce its sovereignty may extend beyond its territory and varies over time and from country to country

Electoral College

A body of 538 electors in the United States; a majority of 270 electoral votes is required to elect the president; a state’s number of electors equals the number of members in its congressional delegation (one for each member in the House of Representatives plus two for its senators)

electoral geography

A subfield of political geography that analyzes the geography of political preferences and how geography can shape voting outcomes

enclave

A territory surrounded by a country but not ruled by it

equitable infrastructure

The construction and improvement of foundational services such as access to energy resources throughout the country

escarpments

Abrupt slopes that break up the general continuity of the terrain

ETA

Basque separatist organization in Spain that used terrorism in its campaign for an independent Basque state

ethnonationalism

A form of nationalism in which the nation is defined in terms of ethnic identity

European Union (EU)

A political, economic, and social union of 28 independent European countries that promotes the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital among its members

exclave

Part of a national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs

exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

Zone that extends 200 nautical miles from shoreline in which coastal states have the sole right to exploit, develop, manage, and conserve all water resources lying beyond the land

failed state

A state whose political or economic system has become so weak that the government is no longer in control

federal state

An independent country that disperses significant authority among subnational units

frontier

A region at the margins of state control and settlement

geometric boundary

A boundary that has regular, often perfectly straight, lines drawn without regard for an area’s physical or cultural features

gerrymandering

The manipulation of voting district boundaries to favor a particular political party, group, or election outcome

iconography

A set of traditional symbols or symbolic forms associated with a country and its citizens

independent state

A state that rules itself and is not subject to the authority of another state

international terrorism

Terrorism that transcends national boundaries and is intended to intimidate people in other countries

irredentism

The political claim to territory in another country based on ethnic affiliations and historic borders

median line principle

An approach to dividing and creating boundaries at the midpoint between two places

multinational state

A country containing multiple national, ethnic, and religious groups within its boundaries

multistate nations

Ethnic groups territorially divided by one or more international boundaries

nation

A community of people bound to a homeland and possessing a common identity based on shared cultural traits such as language, ethnicity, and religion

nationalism

Sense of belonging to and self-identifying with a national culture; people with a strong sense of nationalism derive a significant part of their social identity from a sense of belonging to a nation

nation-state ideal

The idea that political authorities govern in the name of all a country’s citizens, modern mass communications link all residents, and state-based citizenship rights reinforce the idea of a national identity

nation-state

The ideal political geographical unit; one in which the nation’s geographic boundaries (a people and its culture) exactly match the state’s territorial boundaries (governance and authority)

neocolonialism

The set of economic and political strategies by which wealthy and powerful countries indirectly maintain or extend their influence over less wealthy areas

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA-USMCA)

A 1994 trade agreement between Canada, the United States, and Mexico; revised as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) in 2020

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

An intergovernmental military alliance among 29 North American and European countries with the purpose of guaranteeing the freedom and security of its members

packing

Gerrymandering a voting district by concentrating all of the opposition party into one district, thereby creating a large majority of that party in the district while ensuring that it cannot win any election

peripheral states

States that have relatively little industrial development, simple production systems focused mostly on agriculture and raw materials, and low levels of consumption of manufactured goods

political geography

A branch of human geography concerned with the spatial analysis of political systems

political map

A map that shows the spatial organization of the countries and territories on the entire globe at a given point in time

reapportionment

The process by which the 435 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are divided proportionately by population among the 50 states following every U.S. census

redistricting

The process of drawing new boundaries for U.S. congressional districts to reflect the population changes since the previous U.S. census

regional trading bloc

A multi-country agreement that reduces or eliminates taxes to promote the free flow of goods and services across international borders

relic boundary

A boundary that no longer functions as an international border

satellite state

A nominally independent country that is politically, militarily, and economically controlled by a more powerful state

self-determination

A nation’s ability to determine its own statehood and form its own allegiances and government; the freedom of culturally distinct groups to govern themselves in their own territories and form their own states

semiautonomous region

A subdivision or dependent territory of a country that has some degree of, but not complete, self-government

shatterbelt

Region of continuing and persistent fragmentation due to devolution and centrifugal forces

sovereign state

A state that possesses the sole authority over the land and people within its boundaries

state or country

An independent political unit with a centralized authority that makes claim to sole legal, political, and economic jurisdiction over a region with defined boundaries

state terrorism

Terrorism committed by government agents whose leaders have ordered them to murder, imprison, or force into exile perceived enemies of the state

stateless nation

An ethnic group or nation that does not possess its own state and is not the majority population in any nation-state

strait

A narrow body of water connecting two larger bodies of water

subnational terrorism

Terrorism committed by nongovernment groups that feel wronged by their government

subnational units

The smaller areas into which a larger state is divided (e.g., states in the United States, provinces in Canada)

subsequent boundary

A political boundary that developed with the cultural landscape

superimposed boundary

A boundary that is placed on an area without regard to existing boundaries

supranational organization

International political body that nation-states establish in cooperation with their neighbors for mutual political, military, economic, or cultural gain

supranationalism

Occurs when a collection of nation-states and their citizens relinquish some sovereign rights to a larger-scale body that exercises authority over its member states

terrorism

The calculated use of violent acts against civilians and symbolic targets to publicize a cause, intimidate or coerce a civilian population, or affect the conduct of the government

uneven development

Occurs when core states have advanced economies and a high standard of living while peripheral states have relatively little industrial development, simple production systems based mostly on raw materials, and low levels of consumption of manufactured goods

unitary state

An independent state that concentrates power in the central government and grants little or no authority to its subnational units

United Nations (UN)

International organization that is responsible for maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations among nations, achieving international cooperation, and harmonizing the actions of nations

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)

Conference organized to define territorial boundaries and rights to the sea

voting district

A territorial division for casting votes in public elections; generally, only those who live in the voting district are permitted to cast their votes there