Diagnostic Imaging- Exam 3: Abdomen PART 1

2 (VD/DV and lateral)

how many views should you always take for the abdomen?

9

you should use a grid when the abdomen is greater than ____ cm thick

low kVp and high mA

what kVp and mA should you use for the abdomen?

expiration

at what point, expiration or inspiration, should you take an abdominal radiograph?

1. evaluate technique

2. read entire image

3. describe image

4. prioritize differential diagnosis

5. next step (other diagnostics)

what are the steps to good film reading?

you DO see

do you usually see or not see these abdominal structures on radiographs:

-stomach, duodenum, small intestines, colon, cecum, spleen, falciform fat, bladder, pelvis

do NOT see

do you usually see or not see these abdominal structures on radiographs:

-adrenal glands, mesentery, omentum, gallbladder, ovaries, ureters

cranial pole of right kidney

which pole of which kidney do you not usually see on abdominal x-ray?

-gas

-fat

-fluid

-bone

what are the four radiographic opacities?

metal

which material is the most radiopaque?

fat, cat

what opacity is being shown? what species is this?

young, can see epiphysis

is this animal young or old?

air

ID yellow, what is the opacity inside the bladder?

effacement

what is it called when two structures of the same opacity are in contact and the confluent borders cannot be distinguished?

poor

all abdominal organs are fluid opaque, thus, subject contrast is _____

intraluminal gas

what allows you to see intestinal loops?

serosal, radiopaque

if there is no fat or the fat is immature, _________ surfaces will not be seen and the radiograph will appear ___________

foreign body

what is abnormal about this radiograph?

-additional views

-Ultrasound, CT, MRI

-cystocentesis, biopsy

what could you do as your "next step" after doing abdominal radiographs?

left

what side is "down" on left lateral?

right

what side is "down" on right lateral?

we are observing a "shadow" of the patient on the film

the term "projection" is preferred in radiography because?

left!

in a lateral view, the cranial aspect of the animal is always on the ______?

cardia

in left lateral recumbency, what parts of the stomach are "down"?

yellow- kidney

red- duodenum

green- pyloric antrum

blue- tail of spleen

orange- bladder

ID parts of abdomen

gas filled, because fluid moves "down"

on a left lateral view, why would the pyloric antrum be more radiolucent?

parallel

on left lateral view, the stomach axis is _________ to ribs or perpendicular to the spine

dependent or "down"

on right lateral view, the pyloric antrum is dependent or independent?

fluid-filled

what opacity will the pyloric antrum be on right lateral view?

stomach (pyloric antrum)

ID structure

ascending

at the caudal flexure of the duodenum become the _________ duodenum

left

VD or DV projections are viewed on the monitor with the right side to the viewer's _______

fluid opaque

the liver and diaphragm are both what opacity?

diaphragm

in a normal abdomen, the liver and ________ blend together

pylorus and fundus

which parts of the stomach tend to be more dorsal (in VD projection)

diaphragm

ID structure in abdomen

liver

ID structure in abdomen (right next to diaphragm)

fluid-filled cranial to the stomach

how does the liver appear (opacity) on x-ray and where (cranial/caudal) in respect to the stomach?

ventral

on lateral view of the liver, the _________ lobe margins should appear sharp

left

the caudal ventral border is formed by the ______ lateral lobe

barium

what can be placed in the stomach to aid in differentiating liver and stomach?

caudate lobe

in a VD/DV projection of the liver in the dog, the cranial border of the right kidney is buried in which lobe?

mineral

what opacity is this?

liver (technically gallbladder)

where is this mineral opacity located in the abdomen?

left and right lateral

in a VD/DV projection of the liver in the dog, the cranial duodenal flexure and fundus contact the ____ and ______ ______ lobes

adjacent

in a VD/DV projection of the liver in the dog, the medial and quadrate lobes are ________ to the lesser gastric curvature

right

on which side of the body is more liver seen?

FALSE

T/F: the body of the spleen will be seen in lateral recumbency

tail

the ______ of the spleen can be viewed on radiogrpahs

rounded to triangular shape soft tissue opacity on the floor of the abdomen

how does the tail of the spleen look on lateral projections?

left

the head of the spleen can sometimes be seen as a triangular opacity cranial to the _______ kidney

border effacement

why does the spleen appear to be attached to the body wall?

immobile

the spleen is immobile or mobile?

gastrosplenic ligament

what holds the spleen in place?

yellow- stomach

red- spleen

green- kidney

ID parts of abdomen

smaller and less visible

The feline spleen has a similar appearance radiographically but, is usually ________?

tail of the spleen

what part of the feline spleen do you usually not see on lateral view?

fat

______ in the retroperitoneal space allows the kidneys to be seen

13th

the right kidney is located at the level of which ribs?

cranial

the right kidney is cranial/caudal to the left?

caudate process of the caudate lobe

The cranial pole of the right kidney is buried in the ________________ of the liver and is poorly seen

summation

The caudal pole of the right kidney and the cranial pole of the left kidney are superimposed resulting in __________ creating a circular opacity

13th

in the VD view, the right kidney is bisected by the right ______ rib

caudally

in VD view, the left kidney is located more _______

2.5-3.5 x L2

(2.5 to 3.5 times greater length than L2)

what is the length of the kidney in the dog (VD view)?

more

the kidneys in the cat are more or less mobile?

caudal

-increased retroperitoneal fat

in the cat, the right kidney is located slightly more _______ than in the dog. WHY?

cranial pole

in the cat, which pole are you more likely to see of the right kidney?

2.4-3 x L2

in the cat, what is the length of the kidney?

left- right kidney

right- left kidney

what is being outlined in the dog? (top two) which is right/left?

fluid-opaque

what opacity is the abdomen?

because of fat in the ventral and lateral ligaments and the omentum and mesentery

why can the bladder be seen?

pubis

in the dog, the neck of the bladder is near the ________

head of femur luxation

what is abnormal about this picture? (also be able to find the bladder)

-longer

-cranially

The feline bladder neck is _______ than that of the dog so that the bladder is located more _________

enlarged prostate

what is being shown in the radiograph?

at neck of bladder

where is the prostate gland located?

the center

the urethra runs through what of the prostate gland?

prostate gland

In young or castrated dogs, the ____________ may be intrapelvic and may not be visible

prostate

ID what is being shown

-fluid opacity

-cranial to pelvic brim

in older dogs, the prostate will appear as what opacity? where will it be located?

-pelvic brim

-ilial wings

In the ventrodorsal view, remember to look for the prostate cranial to the ____________ and not cranial to the

__________

NO

is the prostate gland visible in cats?

gas

in the dog, on left lateral view, the pyloric is ________ filled

stomach (pyloric antrum specifically)

what is being shown?

fluid

if the right side is down, the pyloric antrum is ______ filled

-stomach

-right

what is being shown? which side is down (R or L)?

perpendicular

the stomach lies _______ to the spine across the abdomen

stomach

what is being shown?

fundus

in dorsal recumbency, the _______ is dependent

gas

in dorsal recumbency, _______ moves to the body of the stomach

gastric body

in ventral recumbency, the ________ is dependent

fluid

in ventral recumbency, _______ moves to the body of the stomach

will fill the fundus

in ventral recumbency, where will the gas go?

large falciform fat pad

most cats have _______ that elevates the liver and stomach?

normal! its falciform fat pad

is this normal or abnormal?

spine

in the cat stomach, the pylorus is superimposed on or to the right of the _______

cat, because of falciform and retroperitoneal fat

is this a cat or dog?

max of 12 mm serosal to serosa

in cats, the small intestine should be what size?

2 x the width of the last normal rib

in dogs, the small intestine should be what size?