GE ELEC MIDTERM REVIEWER

Margaret Thatcher

former British Prime Minister

Nelson Mandela

South African leader

Aung San Suu Kyi

Burmese democracy champion

Wangari Maathai

Kenyan environmentalist and Nobel Prize winner

orator

designated to someone with special skills in public speaking.

Organizing your thoughts logically.

Tailoring your message to your audience

Telling a story for a maximum impact.

Adapting to listener feedback.

Similarities Between Public Speaking and Conversation:

Public speaking is more highly structured

Public speaking requires more formal language.

Public speaking requires a different method of delivery.

Differences Between Public Speaking and Conversation:

stage fright

the anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

Giving a speech
Meeting a date's parents
First day on a new job
Victim of a practical joke
Talking with someone in authority
Job interview

examples of Greatest Fear in social iteractions:

adrenaline

a hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress

positive nervousness

controlled nervousness that helps a speaker with her or his presentation

Acquire Speaking Experience

Prepare, Prepare, Prepare.

Think positively.

Use the Power of Visualization

Know that Most Nervousness is Not Visible.

Do not Expect Perfection

Six (6) Ways to Turn Nervousness from a Negative Force into a Positive One

visualization

mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation

critical thinking

focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion.

Speaker

Message

Channel

Listener

Feedback

Interference

Situation

The Speech Communication Process(7)

internal interference

this comes from within your audience.

external interference

these happens outside you audience

Ethics

the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

Ethical decision

sound ethical decisions involve weighing potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

Make sure your goals are ethically sound.

Be fully prepared for each speech.

Be honest in what you say.

Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive language

Put ethical principles into practice

GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL SPEAKING

PLAGIARISM

presenting another person’s language or ideas as one’s own

Global plagiarism

The most blatant – and unforgivable – kind of plagiarism. It is grossly unethical. It is stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it of as your own.

Patchwork plagiarism

Unlike global plagiarism, in which a pirate an entire speech from a single source, ______ occurs when a speaker pilfers from two or three sources.

Incremental plagiarism

It is when the entire speech is cribbed more or less verbatim from a single source or a few sources

Quotations

you must attribute the words to that person. It would make a strong addition to your speech as long as you acknowledge the owners/authors.

Paraphrases

you restate or summarize her or his in your own words. You need to acknowledge the author or the person because still, with just a fair amount of his/her language, you are still using his/her opinions, ideas, and judgment

Be courteous and attentive

Avoid prejudging the speaker.

Maintain the free and open expression of ideas.

GUIDELINES FOR ETHICAL LISTENING

APPRECIATIVE LISTENING

for pleasure or enjoyment, as we listen to music, to a comedy routine, or to an entertaining speech.

EMPATHIC LISTENING

to provide emotional support for the speaker, as when a psychiatrist listens to a patient or when we lend a sympathetic ear to a friend in distress.

COMPREHENSIVE LISTENING

to understand the message of a speaker, as when we attend a classroom lecture or listen to directions for finding a friend’ s house

CRITICAL LISTENING

to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it, as when we listen to the sales pitch of a used-car dealer or the campaign speech of a political candidate.

summarizing information

recalling facts

distinguishing main points from minor points

skills are central to comprehensive listening:

separating facts from opinions

spotting weaknesses from in reasoning

judging the soundness of evidence

skills of critical thinking are especially important in critical listening. These are:

Take listening seriously

Be an active listener

Resist distractions

Do not be diverted by appearance or delivery.

Suspend judgment.

Focus your listening

Develop note-taking skills

HOW TO BECOME A BETTER LISTENER

Active listening

giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view.

key-word outline

an outline that briefly notes a speaker’s main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form

MAIN POINTS

these are the central ideas or key arguments of your speech.

SUB-MAIN POINTS

these are supporting details, evidence, or explanations that strengthen your main points

TOPIC

it is the subject of the speech

TOPIC YOU KNOW A LOT ABOUT

Most people speak best about subjects with which they are most familiar. When thinking about a topic, draw on your own knowledge and experience.

TOPICS YOU WANT TO KNOW MORE ABOUT

You may choose a subject about which you already have some knowledge or expertise but not enough to prepare a speech without doing additional research.

BRAINSTORMING

a method of generating ideas for speech topics by free association of words and ideas.

PERSONAL INVENTORY

First, make a quick inventory of your experiences, interests, hobbies, skills, beliefs, and so forth.

CLUSTERING

wherein you take a sheet of paper and divide it into nine columns as follows: people, places, things, events, processes, concepts, natural phenomena, problems, and plans and policies.

REFERENCE SEARCH

This is done by browsing through an encyclopedia, a periodical database, or some other reference work

INTERNET SEARCH

Another possibility is to connect a subject-based search engine such as google, Yahoo!, or the Librarians’ Index to the internet.

General Purpose

the broad goal of a speech.

SPECIFIC PURPOSE

a single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in his/her speech.

CENTRAL IDEA

a one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

RESIDUAL MESSAGE

what a speaker wants the audience to remember after it has forgotten everything else in a speech.

Audience-centeredness

keeping the audience foremost in mind every step of speech preparation and presentation

egocentric

the tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

Demographic Audience Analysis

it focuses on demographic factors such as age, gender, religion, sexual orientation, group membership

Stereotyping

creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are a

Age

Gender.

Sexual Orientation

Racial, Ethnic, and Cultural Background

Religion

Group Membership

major demographic factors you should consider:

Situational audience analysis

usually builds on demographic analysis. It identifies traits of the audience unique to the speaking situation at hand

Size

Physical Setting.

Disposition toward the Topic

Disposition toward the Speaker

Disposition toward the Occasion.

Situational audience analysis factors

Fixed-alternative questions

Scale questions.

Open-ended questions.

Three Major Types of Questions

fixed-alternative questions

questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.

open-ended questions

questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

Librarians

are experts in their own field, trained in library use and research methods

The Catalogue

It lists all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by the library.

Call Number

It is the key to finding a book. It is a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves.

Authorship.

Sponsorship

Recency

EVALUATING INTERNET DOCUMENTS

Periodical Databases

It allows you to locate magazine or journal articles. It is actually a research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of journals or magazines

Abstract

It is a summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author.

Newspapers

These are invaluable for research on many topics, historical as well as contemporary

Reference Works

These are usually kept in a part of the library called the reference section.