Unit 3 Respiratory, Digestion, and Metabolism

aero-

air

areola-

open space

broncho-

bronchus

concha

shell

cost-

rib

endo-

within inner

epi-

over, above

exo-

outside, outer layer

extra-

outside, beyond

inter-

between

intra-

within, inside

meat-

passage

medi-

middle

pleur-

side, rib

pneumo-

air, wind

pulmo-

lung

rhin-, rhino-

nose

vent-

the wind

-phragm

partition

-sorb

suck in

aliment-

nourish

ante-

precceding, before

append-

hang to

basal

base

calor-

heat

cec-

blind

circum-

around

coel-

hollow

decid-

falling off

den-, dent-

tooth

dys-

difficult, faulty, painful

entero-

intestine

eso-

within

gastr-

stomach

gest-

carried

glosso-

tounge

gluco-, glyco-

sweet

gust-

taste

ile-

intestine

lact-

milk

nutria-

feed, nourish

odont-

teeth

pep-, peps-, pept-

digest

phago-

eat

re-

back, again

ruga-

fold, wrinkle

splanchn-

organ

villus-

shaggy hair

viscero-

organ, viscera

vita-

life

-dips

thirst, dry

-rrhea

flow, discharge

-stalsis

compression, constriction

-zyme

ferment

acclimatization

When you move on a longterm basis from sea level to the mountains, your body makes respiratory and hematopoietic adjustments via an adaptive response

affinity

binding strength

apnea

breathing cessation

chloride shift

ion exchange process occurs via facilitated diffusion through an RBC membrane protein

conducting zone

consists of all of the respiratory passageways from the nose to the respiratory bronchioles that provide fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites and also cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air

anatomical dead space

refers to the volume of air located in the respiratory tract segments that are responsible for conducting air to the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles but do not take part in the process of gas exchange itself

alveolar dead space

difference between the physiologic dead space and the anatomic dead space

haldane effect

reflects the greater ability of reduced hemoglobin to form carbaminohemoglobin and to buffer by combining with it

heimlich maneuver

a procedure in which air in the victim’s lungs is used to “pop out,” or expel, an obstructing piece of food

hypercapnia

high carbon dioxide levels in the blood

hypocapnia

low carbon dioxide levels in the blood

hyperpnea

an increase in ventilation in response to metabolic need

hypoxic drive

a form of respiratory drive in which the body uses oxygen chemoreceptors instead of carbon dioxide receptors to regulate the respiratory cycle

lung compliance

measure of the change in lung volume that occurs with a given change in transpulmonary pressure

partial pressure

the pressure exerted by a single component of a mixture of gasses

perfusion

the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries

respiratory zone

the actual site of gas exchange is composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli, all microscopic structures

spirometer

original clinical measuring tool was a cumbersome instrument utilizing a hollow bell inverted over water

Valsalva's maneuver

We aid this process voluntarily by closing the glottis and contracting our diaphragm and abdominal wall muscles to increase the intraabdominal pressure

ventilation

the amount of gas reaching the alveoli

vestibular fold

Superior to the vocal folds are the false vocal cords; These play no direct part in sound production but help to close the glottis when we swallow

vocal ligaments

attach the arytenoid cartilages to the thyroid cartilage

vocal folds

composed largely of elastic fibers form the core of mucosal folds; appear pearly white because they lack blood vessels

Distinguish the role of nasal structures in the filtering, humidification, and warming of inspired air

the nasal cavity and conchae filters air; The conchae and paranasal sinuses moisten and warm air

Describe the role of the larynx in sound production

The length of the vocal folds and the size of the glottis change with the action of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles that clothe the cartilages; the length and tension of the vocal folds change, and the pitch of the sound varies; the tenser the vocal folds, the faster they vibrate and the higher the pitch.

tidal volume (TV)

During normal quiet breathing, about 500 ml of air moves into and out of the lungs with each breath

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

the amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (3100M to 1900F ml)

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

is the amount of air normally 1200M and 700F ml that can be expelled from the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration

residual volume (RV)

Even after the most strenuous expiration, about 1200M and 1100F ml of air remains in the lungs; which helps to keep the alveoli open and prevent lung collapse

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

is the total amount of air that can be inspired after a normal tidal volume expiration, so it is the sum of TV and IRV; 3600M and 2400F ml

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

represents the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration and is the combined RV and ERV; 2400M and 1800F ml

Vital capacity (VC)

is the total amount of exchangeable air; It is the sum of TV, IRV, and ERV; 4800M and 3100F ml

Total lung capacity (TLC)

is the sum of all lung volumes; 6000M and 4200F ml

respiratory volumes

tidal, inspiratory reserve, expiratory reserve, and residual

respiratory capacities

include inspiratory, functional residual, vital, and total lung capacities; The respiratory capacities always consist of two or more lung volumes

Boyle's law

states that when the temperature is constant, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume

Dalton’s law of partial pressures

states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture

Henry’s law

states that when a gas is in contact with a liquid, the gas will dissolve in the liquid in proportion to its partial pressure

amino acid

Organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; the building block of protein

catabolism

Process in which living cells break down substances into simpler substances

Absorption

Process by which the products of digestion pass through the alimentary canal mucosa into the blood or lymph

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Rate at which energy is expended (heat produced) by the body per unit of time under controlled (basal) conditions: 12 hours after a meal, at rest

Defecation

Elimination of the contents of the bowels (feces)

Deglutition

Swallowing

Digestion

A series of catabolic steps in which complex food molecules are broken down to their building blocks by enzymes

Glycogenesis

Formation of glycogen from glucose