IB Psychology SL - Unit 1

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43 Terms

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Psychology

Attempt to study the subjective objectively

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Nomothetic Approach

The deriving of universal laws/simple rules that describe the behavior of all material objects

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Variables

Any characteristic that is objectively registered & quantified

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Constructs

Theoretically defined variable

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Operationalization

Expressing a construct in terms of observable behavior

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Independent variable

A variable that isn’t changed by the other variables trying to be measured (cause)

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Dependant Variable

Something that depends on other factors (mainly independent variable manipulation) (effect)

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Idiographic Approach

Focuses on the individual & emphasises the unique personal experience of human nature

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Quantitative Research

Research that operates with variables - quantity

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Qualitative Research

Research that goes beyond the objective/observational, comes in forms of text

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Sample

The group of individuals taking part in the research study

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Credibility

Degree to which the results of the study can be trusted to reflect reality

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Bias

Prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair.

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Generalizability

The extent to which results of a study can be applied beyond the sample to the general population

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Confounding Variables

Variable that can potentially distort the relationship between the independent & dependant variables

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Target Population

Group of people to which the findings of the study can be generalized

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Representativeness

Representativeness refers to the confidence that a sample from which evidence is generated is sufficiently similar to the intended population.

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Random Sample

Every subject gets an equal chance to be chosen for a specific study/treatment group

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Stratified Sample

Splitting participants into subgroups called strata based on characteristics they share

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Convenience Sample

Recruiting participants who are easily available

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Self Selected Sample

Recruiting volunteers/advert responses

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Independent Measures Design

Using different participants for each condition of the experiment

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Matched Pairs Design

Pairs of participants are matched in terms of key variables. One member of each pair is then placed into the experimental group and the other member into the control group.

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Repeated Measures Design

Taking multiple measures of the same variable taken on the same or matched subjects either under different conditions or over two or more time periods.

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Order Effect

When participants' responses in the various conditions are affected by the order of conditions to which they were exposed.

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Counterbalancing

A technique used to deal with order effects when using a repeated measures design— data is collected & treatment order is swapped

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Construct Validity

Characterizes the quality of operationalizations

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Internal Validity

Characterizes methodological quality of experiment

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External Validity

Characterizes the generalizability of experiment

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Ecological Validity

Refers to the extent of which findings can be generalized to other settings or situations

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Selection

Occurs if groups are not equivalent at the start of the experiment— apart from IV, they differ in another variable

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History

Refers to outside events that happen to participants in the course of the experiment

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Maturation

Natural developmental process such as fatigue or growth, which may skew the data/supply false data

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Testing Effect

The first measurement of the DV mat affect the second (& subsequent) measures

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Instrumentation

Occurs when the instrument measuring the DV changes slightly between measurements (commonly the “human observer”)

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Regression to the Mean

Source of bias where the initial score on the DV is extreme; extreme scores have a purely statistical tendency to become more average on subsequent trials

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Experimental Mortality

Some participants drop out during an experiment, which poses a problem if dropouts are not random

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Demand Characteristics

Situation where participant understands the purpose of the experiment & subsequently changes behavior to fit the interpretation

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Experimenter Bias

Researcher unintentionally exerts influence on participants

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Single Blind Study

Patients don’t know which treatment group they’re in

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Double Blind Study

Neither participant & experimenter know which treatment group they’re in

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Experiment

A scientific procedure undertaken to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.

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Correlational Study

Unlike experiments, the research is unable to manipulate any variables