APUSH 1 - Block 4

Republican vision

Republicans wanted to make an America where the citizens would be virtuous and enlightened. In order to fulfill this vision Republicans wanted to establish a public school system.

Public education

Republicans wanted to create a school system to create an educated electorate (voter population) they felt a republic required. These schools would provide free education to all citizens who were white males. Some states endorsed the idea, but none actually made a working system. A Massachusetts law of 1789 reaffirmed the colonial laws that would require each town to have a school but it was not enforced. Virginia ignored Jefferson's call for universal elementary education and advanced education for the gifted. By 1815 no state had a comprehensive public school system.

Phillips family

Education fell into the hands of private institutions, and was often only available to those who could pay. This family had a private school in Andover, Massachusetts in 1778. Their school became the model for many other private schools in New England.

"Republican motherhood"

This was the idea that mothers were expected to raise their children to be enlightened. There was concern about how women could raise enlightened children, if they themselves were ignorant. Female academies were created so women (mainly those from affluent families) could gain an education and properly educate their children. 1789 : Massachusetts made it so public schools had to serve females as well as males

Judith Sargent Murray

There was very little support or belief that women should be able to receive advanced education. This woman wrote an essay defending women's right to education, believing that women were equally intelligent as men and should have the same educational opportunities as men. She also believed that women should be able to earn their own living and establish themselves apart from their husbands and families. During her lifetime her ideas attracted little support.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a part of the group that believed education would be able to "reform and redeem" Native Americans by teaching them the ways of white Americans. He was also a supporter of deism. Although he was a wealthy aristocrat, he often acted as though he was an ordinary citizen with disdain for pretension.

University of Virginia

Higher education was very limited and not as widely available as lower education. Republicans had hopes for widespread availability of advanced knowledge, and Jefferson founded this University to promote that ideal.

University of Pennsylvania

This university along with the College of William and Mary and Columbia University, created law schools before 1800. However, most lawyers were trained by apprenticeship to practicing attorneys, rather than law school. They also created the first American medical school in the 18th century.

Benjamin Rush

There was very little education in medical science, and there was very little reception to the warnings of physicians, including this man, who blamed disease on the lack of proper sanitation programs. Rush was a Philadelphia physician who supported techniques such as bleeding and purging, as a result of those techniques many of his patients died.

"Scientific method"

This is the process of making new discoveries using observation and questioning. The medical profession began to use their newfound commitment to this way of thinking as a way to expand their role to new kinds of care such as midwifery. It was used to diminish the importance of midwives.

Midwifery

This was a profession occupied mainly by women that revolved around pregnancy and childbirth. When physicians began to handle childbirth in the 19th century women began to lose the occupation opportunity this provided. Women who could afford them, but not physicians also suffered.

Jedidiah Morse

There was a great wave of nationalism, which found its way into early American schoolbooks. This Massachusetts Governor was the author of Geography Made Easy (1784). He said the country must have its own textbooks to prevent the aristocratic ideas of England from spreading to the people.

Noah Webster

This Connecticut schoolmaster made an argument similar to that of Morse, he believed that American students should be educated as patriots, and that they should be filled with nationalism. He also created the American Spelling Book, which was also known as the "blue-backed speller" and became the best-selling book in the American history of publishing (only outsold by the Bible). He also made a dictionary that later became An American Dictionary of the English Language. His books established a national standard for words and usages.

Joel Barlow

He was an American poet from Connecticut. He was a part of a writing group called the "Hartford Wits", and he published an epic poem called The Columbiad. His writing conveyed the special character of American civilization. The acclaim his work received inspired other American writers.

Charles Brockden Brown

He was an ambitious American novelist. He wanted to create original works that gave voice to distinctly American themes. He made work that was characterized by fascination with horror and deviant behaviour, and as a result his work did not develop a large following.

Washington Irving

He was a much more successful author from New York. His work gained wide acclaim, as his work consisted of satirical histories of early American life. He was widely regarded as the leader of American literary life during his era and one of the few writers of this time whose work is still read by later generations.

Ben Franklin

This prominent figure was a supporter of deism.

Deism

This was a religious concept that had originated among Enlightenment philosophers in France. They accepted the existence of God, but believed that God was a remote being who created the universe and then withdrew from direct involvement with the human race and their sins.

Thomas Paine

This man wrote a book called The Age of Reason. He also once declared that Christianity was a strange religion because it killed Jesus in order to redeem mankind from the sin of eating an apple.

"Universalism" and "Unitarianism"

These were dissenting views in the New England Congregational church. People who followed these ideas rejected the Calvinist belief of predestination, as they believed salvation was available to all. They rejected the idea of the trinity, and believed Jesus was only a great religious teacher not the Son of God. There was a wide gulf between the two, and they eventually became two separate churches.

Congregational Church

The dissenting views of "universalism" and "unitarianism" emerged from this New England church. This is a Protestant church that holds its own authority, they get to choose their own leaders and path.

Rationalism

This was the philosophical idea that prioritized reason over all else. Some Americans believed that its spread marked the end of traditional evangelical religion, but the contrary was true. Most Americans continued to hold strong religious beliefs.

Second Great Awakening

This movement was led by the efforts of conservative theologians in the 1790s who wanted to fight the spread of religious rationalism. This movement was meant to encourage church establishments to revitalize their organizations. The message of this movement was essentially saying individuals must accept God in Christ into their everyday lives, must embrace fervent active pity and must reject skeptical rationalism that threatened traditional beliefs.

New Lights

These were denounced by conservatives in the church. They were people who altered their religious views to fit with the new scientific rationalism.

Presbyterians

They tried to arouse the faithful on the western fringe of white settlement. It was among them in several eastern colleges that the Second Great Awakening began.

Timothy Dwight

He was the president of Yale. Under his leadership Yale was one of the most notable schools leading the Second Great Awakening.

"Camp meeting"

The first of this meeting was held in Cane Ridge, Kentucky. A group of Evangelical ministers led this meeting and it was an extraordinary Revival that lasted several days and impressed all who saw it because it was so large. They became common in the following years and Methodists relied on them as a way to gain new members.

Peter Cartwright

He was a Methodist preacher who gained National Fame as he traveled from region to region encouraging his listeners to embrace the church. However he was often unprepared for the results of his efforts such as a religious friend see that sometimes led to convulsion fits rolling in the dirt and twitching.

Predestination

This was the calvinist belief that one's fate was determined before they were born. This idea was no longer accepted following the Second Great Awakening.

Evangelicalism

The Second Great Awakening created popular acceptance of the idea that men and women could belong to different Protestant churches and still be devoted to essentially the same Christian faith. This new belief provided a vehicle for establishing a sense of order and social stability in the community that was still searching for an identity.

Gabriel Prosser

Revivalism also spread to African Americans in the country. out of black Revival meetings in Virginia and an elaborate plan arose in 1800, this plan was devised by this man who was the brother of an African preacher. His plan was for a rebellion and an attack on Richmond, but it was discovered and stopped by white Virginians.

Neolin

In the 1760s the Delaware profit Newland had sparked a widespread Revival in the old Northwest but the message that combined Kristen and Native American imagery and bringing to a Native American religion a vision of a personal God. He had also called for Native Americans to rise up and defend their lands and denounce the growth of trade and other relationships with white civilization. He helped to stimulate the Native American Military efforts of 1763 and beyond.

Handsome Lake

He was a Seneca who gave up years of alcoholism to preach. He called for a Revival of traditional Native American ways, and his message spread through scattered Iroquois communities and inspired many Native Americans to give up whiskey gambling and other destructive habits derived from white society. However he did not lead to a true restoration of traditional Iroquois culture, instead he encouraged Christian missionaries to become active within Native Americans communities and encouraged Iroquois men to abandon their roles as hunters and encourage women to conform to domestic roles.

Textiles

In order to prevent America from Gaining manufacturing skills the British tried to prevent the export of this machinery or the immigration of skilled mechanics. These are materials that are made from either natural or synthetic fibers.

Samuel Slater

He was a European immigrant who used the knowledge he had before leaving England to help build a spinning mill for the Quaker merchant Moses Brown and Pawtucket, Rhode Island, in 1790. That became the first modern factory in America.

Oliver Evans

He was an important inventor of the 19th century from Delaware. He made new machines such as an automated flour mill, a card making machine, along with others. He made improvements to the steam engine, and published America's first textbook of mechanical engineering (The Young Mill-Wright's and Miller's Guide). His Flour Mill only needed two men to operate.

Eli Whitney

He was born in Massachusetts and went to Yale he greatly revolutionized cotton production and weapons manufacturing.

Cotton gin

This was made by Eli Whitney and greatly changed the cotton industry. There was a high demand for cotton in England because the textile industry was booming. This made cleaning short-staple cotton much faster and efficient. As a result total crop production increased eightfold, and African American slavery grew.

Tariff

Congress passed two of these bills in 1789 giving preference to American ships in American ports which helped to stimulate an expansion of domestic shipping.

Merchant marine

This United States force was larger than that of any other country except England.

Steamboat

This was an important invention where the greatest breakthrough was made by Oliver Evans in which boats would run off of a high-pressure engine and was lighter and more efficient than the one made by James Watt. Steam was more feasible for powering boats and mill machinery.

Robert Fulton

He was an inventor. He, along with Livingston, was responsible for perfecting the steamboat.

Robert R. Livingston

He was the promoter of Fulton. He, along with Fulton, was responsible for bringing the steamboat to the attention of the nation.

Clermont

This was a steamboat that had paddle wheels and an English-built engine. Fulton and Livingston sailed up the Hudson in the boat to promote the practicability of steam navigation.

Nicholas J. Roosevelt

He was a partner of Livingston's and a remote ancestor of Theodore Roosevelt. He is responsible for introducing the steamboat to the west, as he sent the New Orleans down the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

The New Orleans

This was a steamboat that J. Roosevelt sent from Pittsburgh down the Ohio and Mississippi. This ship began a profitable career of service between New Orleans and Natchez.

Turnpikes

These were the early toll roads that were made from a hard-packed surface of crushed rocks. A corporation built a turnpike running sixty miles from Philadelphia to Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The construction costs had to be low while the traffic had to be heavy to ensure profit. The roads ran short distances through densely settled areas. No private operators were willing to build highways to less populated areas.

Inaugural address

Privately Jefferson may have considered his victory in 1800 a "revolution" but publicly he attempted to minimize the differences/conflicts between the Federalists and Republicans. In this speech he claimed that everyone is both a Federalist and Republican.

Pierre L'Enfant

He was the French architect who designed the new capital city: Washington. Many believed Washington was meant to become the Paris of the United States.

Republicans

Jefferson was the presidential candidate for this party in 1804, and the president from 1800-1808. This party was the majority in both chambers of Congress. Almost all government jobs were in the hands of loyal Republicans by the end of Jefferson's second term.

Federalists

By the election of 1804 this party had little control over the government. They were the minority in both chambers of Congress. They had previously attempted patronage to build a network of influence.

Patronage

This is the power to control appointments to office. Republicans strongly objected to the efforts of Federalists to build a network through patronage. However, Jefferson used his powers of appointment as a political weapon.

Election of 1804

This election was between Thomas Jefferson and Charles C. Pickney. Jefferson won by a landslide, with 162 electoral votes and Pickney got 14. The Republican majorities in both chambers of congress increased.

Charles C. Pinckney

He was the Federalist candidate in the election of 1804. He only received 14 electoral votes, and could not even carry most of the Federalist New England strongholds.

Taxes

Hamilton had created an extensive system of internal this, which included the whiskey excise. The Jefferson administration worked to reverse this system. They persuaded Congress to abolish all internal taxes, and left only customs duties and the sale of western lands as the only sources of revenue for the government.

Albert Gallatin

He was the Secretary of Treasury under Jefferson. He drastically reduced government spending. He cut the already small staff of the executive departments to miniscule numbers.

U.S. Military Academy

Jefferson reduced the sizes of armed forces as he felt they threatened civil liberties and promoted overseas commerce. However, he helped to establish this at West Point founded in 1802.

Barbary states/pirates

They were from states of North Africa including: Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, and Tripoli (now a part of Libya). They demanded protection money from all nations who had ships that sailed the Mediterranean. Jefferson reluctantly signed a treaty with them, but then decided to build a navy and go to war.

Pasha of Tripoli

He was the leader of Tripoli. He was unsatisfied with the American response to extortionate demands, and had the flagpole of the American consulate chopped down. This was seen as a declaration of war, and Jefferson built up the American fleet in the region over the next several years. In 1805 the U.S. reached an agreement with the pasha that ended American payments to Tripoli, but the U.S had to pay $60,000 for the release of American prisoners seized by Barbary pirates.

Repeal

This is the act of revoking or annulling a law or act. After winning control of both the legislative and executive branches, the Republicans were looking at the judiciary branch which was majority Federalist. After Jefferson's first inauguration his followers in congress repealed the Judiciary Act of 1801.

Judiciary Act of 1801

This was the act in which Adams appointed Federalist judgeships (midnight appointments) in order to keep the judicial branch in Federalist hands. During Jefferson's first term this act was repealed. This would allow the Republicans to take the judicial branch as well.

Supreme Court

Federalists had held onto the belief that this had the power to nullify acts of Congress, despite there being nothing in the Constitution that said that.

Nullify

This is the act of deeming something as legally void or invalid. Federalists believed that the Supreme Court had the power to nullify acts passed by Congress.

Judicial review

This is the power of the courts to examine the actions of legislature and executives and determine whether those actions abide by the constitution. The Court had actually exercised this power in 1796 when it upheld the validity of a law passed by legislature. However, the Court's authority in this area would not be secure until it actually declared a congressional act unconstitutional.

Marbury v. Madison

In this case, the Supreme Court declared a congressional act unconstitutional. In this case Marbury appealed to the Supreme Court asking them to direct Madison to perform his duty and deliver Marbury's commission to him. The Court found that Marbury had a right to his commission, but they could not order Madison to deliver it.

William Marbury

He was one of Adams' "midnight appointments." He had been named the justice of the peace in the District of Columbia, but his commission had not been sent to him, and it was instead waiting on Madison's desk.

James Madison

He was the secretary of state under Jefferson. He was responsible for transmitting appointments, and he refused to deliver Marbury's commission to him.

Commission

This is an instruction or demand given to someone. Adams had given a commission to Marbury, but Madison refused to send it to Marbury leading to Marbury never becoming a justice.

Judiciary Act of 1789

This act had given the Supreme Court the power to order executive officials to act in such manners including the delivery of commissions. The Court ruled that Congress had exceeded its authority in creating the statute, and that this was an unconstitutional power. By losing that small power, the Supreme Court asserted an even greater power, the power to nullify an act of Congress.

Void

Once the Supreme Court ruled that statute of the Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional, it was this and held no power/was no longer valid.

Chief Justice

This is the highest ranking judge. During the ruling of Marbury v. Madison the Chief Justice was John Marshall.

John Marshall

He was the presiding Chief Justice during the ruling of Marbury v. Madison. He was a loyal Federalist, and a leading lawyer in Virginia. He was Adams' secretary of state, and was the one who had failed to deliver Marbury's commission during the end of the administration. He had been appointed Chief Justice by Adams. He established the judicial branch as coequal to the other branches of government.

Impeach

This is the action of Congress to bring charges against a high-ranking public official. A two-thirds majority vote is needed from the Senate in order to convict and remove the official from office.

Samuel Chase

He was a Supreme Court justice who was a highly partisan Federalist. He had delivered partisan speeches from the bench, but he however did not commit any crime. He was impeached by the House at the insistence of Republicans. The impeachment was acquitted, and this highlighted how it could not be used as a weapon in partisan politics.

Napoleon Bonaparte

During Jefferson's first year in office he named himself the first consul of France, making himself the ruler of the country. In the same year of Jefferson's reelection, he named himself the emperor of France.

Treaty of San Ildefonso

This was a secret agreement between the French and Spanish. In this treaty the French regained title to Louisiana, which gave them almost the whole Mississippi Valley to the west of the river and New Orleans near its mouth. Napoleon hoped the Louisiana Territory would become the heart of a French empire in America.

Santo Domingo

This was a sugar-rich island in the West Indies. This island belonged to France, and was strategically valuable. However, unrest amongst the slaves posed a threat to Napoleon's hopes for the islands. This French colony would later become Haiti.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

He was the impressive black leader, who led the enslaved Africans on Santo Domingo in a revolt against the French. This revolt was inspired by the French Revolution. Adams and his administration supported the revolt, but Jefferson and his administration did not.

Franco-American settlement of 1800

This was secured by Robert R. Livingston. Jefferson began to observe the terms of this treaty before it was ratified.

New Orleans

This place was governed by the Spanish intendant in 1802 because the French had not taken formal possession of the region yet. The Spanish intendant declared American shippers could no longer deposit goods at New Orleans, closing the lower Mississippi to Americans.

Pinckney Treaty of 1795

This was signed between the Americans and the Spanish. This treaty was meant to secure Americans' right to travel down the Mississippi and deposit cargo in New Orleans. The Spanish eventually violated this treaty, and effectively closed the lower Mississippi to Americans.

James Monroe

He was sent to Paris by Jefferson to assist in negotiations. When he and Livingston were faced with Napoleon's proposal to purchase the entire Louisiana territory they had to decide whether or not they could even consider buying the region. He was also the American minister in England during the Chesapeake-Leopard incident.

Louisiana/Louisiana Purchase

This was the purchase of this entire territory worked out between Robert R. Livingston, James Monroe, and Napoleon. Napoleon decided to offer them the territory because he felt that the U.S. might ally with the British and attack New Orleans. The United States had to pay $15 million for the territory. The U.S. would have to grant certain exclusive commercial rights to the French, and incorporate the residents of Louisiana into the Union with the same rights as American citizens. The boundaries of the purchase were not clearly defined.

Loose construction

Jefferson struggled with accepting the Louisiana purchase, as he could not determine if that was his constitutional power as the executive. Jefferson then said that the country will fix the problems caused by the broad interpretation of the Constitution.

General James Wilkinson

He was the commissioner of the United States, and it was him who the French turned the Louisiana territory over to.

Meriwether Lewis

He was the 33 year old veteran of the Indian wars who was skilled in the ways of the wilderness. He was named the leader of an expedition to cross the continent to the Pacific Ocean.

William Clark

He was the 29 year old, brother of George Rogers Clark, who was chosen by Lewis as his colleague. He was an experienced frontiersman and Indian fighter.

Sacajawea

She was a Shoshone woman who helped to guide the Lewis and Clark expedition across the Rocky Mountains, down the Snake and Columbia Rivers, and eventually camping on the Pacific coast in late autumn of 1805.

Zebulon Montgomery Pike

He was 26 years old when he led an expedition in the fall of 1806 from St. Louis to the upper Mississippi Valley. In the summer of 1806 he set out up the Arkansas River and into what became Colorado. He attempted to but failed to climb Pike's peak (named after him obviously). He gave the inaccurate impression that the land between the Missouri river and the Rockies was uninhabitable desert.

"Essex Junto"

This was an extreme Federalist group that concluded the only hope for New England was to secede from the Union and form a separate "Northern Confederacy." In order for this plan to work they needed New York and New Jersey, but Hamilton in New York refused to support the plan.

"Northern Confederacy"

This was the confederacy the "Essex Junto" hoped to create. This would include all of New England, and would need New York and New Jersey to have lasting success.

Alexander Hamilton

He was a leading Federalist in New York who refused to support the "Essex Junto" or their "Northern Confederacy." He also accused Burr of plotting treason and widely reported in the press about Burr's character.

Aaron Burr

He was Hamilton's greatest political rival. He accepted a Federalist proposal in 1804 to run for governor of New York, when he lost he blamed it on Hamilton for slandering his reputation. He challenged Hamilton to a duel.

Duel

These had lost some repute in America, but they were still legitimate in settling manners of honor. Burr challenged Hamilton to one, and Hamilton accepted out of fear of looking like a coward. In July of 1804 in Weehawken, New Jersey, Hamilton was mortally wounded and died the next day.

Burr "conspiracy"

Burr was a political outcast, and corresponded with white settlers in the Southwest. He and General James Wilkinson (governor of the Louisiana territory) wanted to lead an expedition to capture Mexico from the Spanish. There were also rumors they wanted to separate the Southwest from the U.S. and create a western Empire for Burr to rule (there is little evidence to support that). As Burr led a group of armed followers down the Ohio river they were ordered to stop by Jefferson, and arrested as traitors.

Napoleonic Wars

These were the wars fought between European nations. As they escalated the British and French both took steps to prevent the United States from trading with, and thereby helping the other.

War of 1812

Native American conflict on land, and European conflict on the seas helped to cause this war.

Battle of Trafalgar

This was a battle between the French and British navies. In this battle a British fleet practically destroyed what was left of the French navy, meaning France could no longer challenge the British at sea.

"Continental System"

Napoleon chose to pressure Britain through this. This was meant to close the European continent to British trade. He did this because the French could no longer challenge the British at sea following the Battle of Trafalgar.

"Orders in council"

The British government issued these as a response to Napoleon's decrees. This was a blockade of the European coast that required any goods being shipped to Napoleon's Europe be carried either in British ships or neutral ships stopping at British ports (exactly what Napoleon's policies forbade).